

BARNARD CASTLE. 



BAR! 



tides which threaten to overwhelm them by large hillocks of sand, 

 rendered stationary by the spontaneous growth of the A r undo oratorio 

 and Elymmi arenaria, which by their long creeping and ramified 

 root* keep it firm and tolerably compact These houses are however 

 subject to much annoyance from the drifting sands. 



Barmouth has a market on Fridays, and fairs on Whit-Monday, 

 October 7th, and November 21t 



(Parry's Cambrian Mirror; Communication from Barmouth.) 

 BARXARD CASTLE, otherwise called CASTLE BARN A 111), 

 Durham, a market-town in the parish of Oainford, south-west division 

 of Darlington Ward. It is situated on the southern acclivity of an 

 eminence which rises with a steep ascent from the left or northern 

 bank of the river Tees, in 54 S3' N. lat, 1 54' W. long. It is 26 

 miles S.W. from Durham, and 246 miles N.N.W. from London : the 

 population of the town in 1851 was 4357. The living of Barnard 

 Castle is a perpetual curacy in the archdeaconry and diocese of Durham. 

 The town derived its name and chief consequence, if not its origin, 

 from a castle which was erected on the summit of a rock on the west 

 side of the town by Bernard Baliol, sou of Guy Baliol, one of the fol- 

 lowers of William I. The forests of Teesdale and Marwood, and the 

 rich lordships of Middlcton and Qainford, with all their royal fran- 

 chises, liberties, and immunities, were granted by the Conqueror to 

 Quy Baliol. The whole district under consideration appears to have 

 been originally called Marwood, which also seems to have been the 

 name of a town about half a mile from the castle, of which there are 

 now no other traces than an old building said to have been the church, 

 but lately used as a bam. One of the descendants of Quy Baliol was 

 John Baliol, king of Scotland, who was born at Castle liarnard and 

 founded there an hospital dedicated to St. John the IJ.ijitist, which 

 survived the Dissolution, and still furnishes a scanty provision for 

 three aged women and a master, but the revenue will be very shortly 

 materially increased by the falling-in of lives, and will then probably 

 amount to SOU/, per annum. The present master is the Rev. George 

 Dugard, M.A. In the time of John Baliol the lordship passed from 

 the family by forfeiture, and was claimed by Beke, bishop of Durham, 

 as belonging to his palatinate ; but the king (Edward I.), to humble 

 this proud prelate, ultimately took the palatinate from him, and when 

 it was restored to the see of Durham it was without the important 

 additions which it had gained by the forfeitures of Baliol and Bruce. 

 The king gave the castle and its liberties to Beauchamp, Earl of 

 Warwick, from whose heirs it passed to the Nevilles, and ultimately 

 came into the hands of Richard III. by right of his wife, Anne Neville, 

 the daughter of the 'king-making' Earl of Warwick. Richard appears 

 to have done much for the improvement of the place ; the boar, his 

 cognizance, still exists in several parts of the town and castle ; and in 

 many cues figures in relief of boars passant taken from the castle are 

 fixed in the houses. It thus came into the possession of the crown, 

 from which the castle, houses, parish-lands, and privileges were ulti- 

 mately purchased by an ancestor of the Duke of Cleveland, who is the 

 present proprietor. 



The existing remains of this castle cover 6] acres. The parts of 

 chief strength stand on the brink of a steep rock on the south-west 

 corner of the principal area, commanding a most beautiful prospect 

 up the river. The walls, which are in various degrees of preservation, 

 seem to have been erected at different periods, and with their aper- 

 tures, bastions, and buttresses, together with a large circular tower, 

 which stands on a cliff 100 feet perpendicular above the river, are in 

 part* mantled with ivy, and as contrasted with the brown rocks 

 fringed with brushwood on which they stand, and the river at the 

 bate, form an object of great picturesque effect. Indeed the environs 

 of the castle are altogether remarkably beautiful, the vale of the Tees 

 abounding with romantic landscapes. The outer area of Barnard 

 Castle is now used as a pasture for sheep, and the other parts inclosed 

 by the walls have long been converted into orchard grounds. There 

 are extensive and beautiful walks on the banks of the Tee* opened to 

 the townspeople on sufferance by the Duke of Cleveland. 



Lelaod, who visited it in the reign of Henry VIII., speaks of the 

 town of Barnard Castle as "a meatley praty toun, having a good 

 market, and meatley welle buildid," a dsMriptian which very well 

 applies to it now. It extends about a mile in length, and consists of 

 several streets, the principal of which is very wide and for the most 

 part lined with good modern houses built with stone. 



Barnard Castle possesses one of the best corn-markets in the north 

 of Knglnnd ; but the market-crow and shambles are very inconveni- 

 ently situated, being in the middle of the public way. The market-cross 

 is an octangular freestone building, open at the sides for public accom- 

 modation. The church, dedicated to St. Mary, is in the form of a croxs, 

 with a detached tower, which was originally surmounted with a lofty 

 spire, but that having become ruinous was removed about 50 years 

 since, and the tower itself was raised 60 feet higher than it was before. 

 The church is of various dates from Norman downwards, but it is 

 sadly mutilated. The tower contains six bells, which were cast about 

 20 years ago in the foundry of Mean, London. There are places of 

 worship belonging to the Roman Catholics, Wosleyan and Primitive 

 Methodist*, and Independents. There are two National schools. A 

 dispensary has been recently established ; and there is the old endow- 

 ment called St. John's Hospital, which has been already mentioned. 

 The Witham Testimonial is a mechanics' institute. 



The inhabitants are chiefly employed in the manufacture of carpets 

 and shoemaker*' thread. There are four large carpet manufactories 

 and two thread mills, which employ several hundred Im- 

 persons are engaged in the tanning business, producing a l< 

 formerly highly esteemed in the manufacture of white leather breeches. 

 The market is mi Wednesdays, and there are fairs on K >-t r Monday, 

 Wednesday in Whitsun week, and St. James's day (July 25th) for 

 horses, cattle, and Bhrr]>. 



On account of the paramount authority of the bishop in tin- 

 nate of Durham, not only the county but all the towns were exempted 

 from the burden, as it was then considered, of sending members to 

 Parliament, until the reign of King James I,, when the inhabitants 

 began to think they had a right to representatives. The question was 

 first considered in Parliament in 1614 ; but owing to the opposition of 

 the bishop nothing was decided until 1621, when with the concn 



hop Morton the county, the city, and Barnard Castle were 

 allowed two members each. Fourteen members for the whole 

 had been claimed in the first instance. 



(Surtees's JfMory and Antiguitifi of the County Palatine of fiu 

 Hutchinson's Jfatory and Antiquities of the County Palatine n; 

 ham ; Gough's Camdeu's Britannia ; Correspondent at Jin 

 Castle.) 



BARNAUL, BAUNAn.-Uail X.AVOD, a considerable mining- 

 town of Siberia, situated in 53 20' N. lat, 83 26' E. long., abo-.r 

 miles S.S.W. from Tomsk, in the district of Busk and government 

 of Toin.k. It lies on the banks of the Rarnaulska, an ineon- 

 siderable river, not far from its influx into the Oby, and &:, 

 about 10,000 inhabitants, inclusive of about 100 German dealers 

 and their families, who have a Lutheran church and school in the 

 town. There are also four Greek churches. The most remarkable 

 edifices in Barnaul besides the churches are the chancery office for 

 the mines, the commandant's residence, the stores and barracks, 

 and the public mart, all built of wood. In the town are a ininera- 

 logical school, geological and other museums, and a magnetic and 

 meteorological observatory. It is the seat of administration lor 

 the whole of the mines of the Kolyvan line, including the silver 

 mines of the Oby, and the various mines of the Altai and Ural ranges. 



Independently of the lead mines in the vicinity of Barnaul 

 large quantities of that metal ore smelted here from the Zmejevskaja- 

 Gora or Schlaugeuberg mines, and also all silver ores which contain 

 any particles of gold. About 120 furnaces are at work in the town 

 and vicinity. It is stated by a native writer that during fifteen years 

 the whole of the produce has amounted to 150,000 ounces of gold, 

 extracted from 5,000,000 ounces of silver, and 4,320,000 ounces of 

 refined silver, principally from the Schlongenlii-rg mines. These 

 metals when purified are dispatched to St. Petersburgh during the 

 winter. There are lime pits, a bell foundry, two tile manufactories, 

 and glass works iu or near the town : there is also a mint for copper 

 coin. Most species of vegetables, even melons and artichokes, thrive 

 in the vicinity of Barnaul, but the water is of indiH.'ivnt quality. 



BARNET.coinmonlycallednillTINC I.AKNKT, to distinguish it 

 tV -in Kant Barnet, Hertfordshire, a market town ami the .-eat of i 

 Law Union, in the parish of Chipping Barnet and hundred of Casino, 

 is situated on the great north road, in 51 39' N. lat, 12' W. long., 

 11 miles N.N.W. from London. It stands upon an elevated site, on 

 which account it is sometimes called High Itaruet : the population of 

 the parish of Chipping Baruet in 1 851 was 2380. Part of the town is 

 in the adjoining parish of South Minims. The living of Cliippiii',' 

 Barnet is a curacy held with the rectory of East Barnet, in the ai-.-h- 

 deaconry of St Albans and diocese of Rochester. Barnet Poor-Law 

 Union contains 10 parishes and townships, with an area of 24,532 

 acres, and a population in 1851 of 14,606. 



In the time of the Saxons the site of Barnet was occupied by a 

 thick and large wood, which was granted to the church of St Albans 

 by the name of the Woods of Southaw, Borhani, and llu/.ehege. In 

 subsequent grant* confirming the former the place is frequently 

 named Borgnet, which signifies in the Saxon language ' a small hill ; ' 

 and in still later times it received the iwljnii.-t of Chippini;, incon- 

 sequence of the market which the abbots of St Albans obtained 

 leave of Henry II. to establish in the town, and which in time became 

 a large cattle-market Barnet is a small town, but in consequence of 

 being a great thoroughfare has a busy appearance. Tin- prin<-ip;,l 

 street is a mile long, and is tolerably well-built It has no building* 

 besides the church and Grammar school that require particular notice. 

 The church, which is dedicated to St John the Baptist, was built 

 about the year 1400, at the expense of John Moot abbot of St. 

 Albans, as a chapel of ease to East Barnet It consists of a chancel, 

 nave, and two aisles, separated by clustered columns and pointed 

 arches. At the west end the church has a square embattled tower. 

 In it are some monuments of interest 



There is a place of worship in the town for Independents. The 

 Royal Free Grammar school, founded by Queen Elizabeth in 1 573, 

 has an income of 20i. a year with a house : it is under the charge of 

 a head master, an assistant, and a French master ; in 1 852 there wero 

 7 free scholars and 26 boarders. Another school was endow 

 1725 under the will of Mrs. Elizabeth Allen, who left lands for the 

 purpose of providing a school-house and paying a master to teach all 

 the children of Baruet of both sexes 'to read the Bible and cast 



