BATURIN. 



BAVARIA. 



35 feel, are not in good proportion. It has twelve windows on one 

 side and six on the other, and is strongly buttressed on the outside. 

 This appears of older date than the remaining portions of the abbey ; 

 its original purpose was probably to accommodate the numerous 

 tenants to whom the monks gave entertainments at stated times. 

 The floor of the hall is raised, and there is an ascent to it by a flight 

 of steps. Underneath are crypts of freestone, divided by elegant 

 pillars and springing arches, which form a curious vaulted building 

 now converted into a stable. The whole is within the private grounds 

 attached to the mansion ; and the appearance of both ruins and 

 grounds exhibits the most entire disregard to the character and 

 associations of the place. 



The town of Battle owes its origin to the abbey. Under the 

 encouragement of the monks houses to the number of 150 were 

 gradually erected in the vicinity, and to the town thus formed a 

 market, to be held on Sundays, was granted by Henry I. At the 

 commencement of the 17th century Anthony Viscount Montague 

 obtained an Act of Parliament for changing the market-day to 

 Thursday, on which it is still held. The present town consists of 

 one gtreut running along a valley from north-west to south-east. The 

 church IH dedicated to St. Mary, and is a very handsome edifice, con- 

 sisting of a nave, chancel, two aisles, and a substantial tower. The 

 windows of the north aisle are decorated with numerous figures. 

 portraits, and devices hi painted glass. The incumbent is styled 

 ' Dean of Battle," though the living is in fact a vicarage. The lord of 

 the manor is patron. There are places of worship belonging to 

 Wesleyan Methodists, Baptists, and Swedenborgiaus. There are a 

 Charity and a National school. The Union workhouse affords accom- 

 modation for 200 inmates. The only manufacture for which the 

 place is remarkable is the gunpowder so well known to sportsmen 

 by the name of Battle powder. There are several extensive mills in 

 the neighbourhood for the manufacture of it. Besides the weekly 

 market there is one on the second Tuesday of every month for cattle, 

 at which as well as at the fairs on Whit-Monday and the 22nd of 

 November considerable business is transacted. Petty sessions are 

 held at Battle. 



(Camden's Britannia ; Dugdale's Monaaticon ; Horsfield's Ifist. of 

 Swttx ; Dallaway's Sussex ; Land We Lire In, vol. i.) 



BATURIN, a town founded by Stephen Bathory when king of 

 Poland, is situated in the Russian province of Tschernigoff or Czer- 

 niechoff, in 51" 45' N. lat., 50 40' E. long. It occupies a pic- 

 turesque position on a hill, and is skirted on one side by the river 

 Seim in the midst of a beautiful expanse of country which is 

 remarkable for its fertility. The town is surrounded by a wall of 

 earth, and contains a handsome convent, eight churches, and about 

 9000 inhabitants. The environs are well cultivated. The filbert, vine, 

 and mulberry abound, and the trade of the district, which is promoted 

 by fairs held in the place, depends chiefly on agricultural products. 

 Baturin was for some time a favourite residence of the Hetmans of 

 the Cossacks, among whom none has acquired greater notoriety than 

 the traitor Mazeppa, who sold himself to the Swedes in 1708. The 

 Russians afterwards burnt the town in revenge for the treachery of 

 Mazeppa. It has since been rebuilt. The palace of the Hetmans 

 and itx once handsome grounds are now going to decay. 



BAUD. [MOHBIHAN.] 



BAUGE. [MAINE-ET-LOIRE.] 



BAUME-LES-DAMES. [DouBs.] 



BAUTZKN, or BUDISSIN, the capital of the circle of Upper 

 Lusatia, a well-built town near the eastern borders of the kingdom of 

 Saxony, ia situated on a hill above the river Spree, in 51 10' N. lat., 

 14 30' E. long., distant about 30 miles E.N.E. from Dresden : the 

 population is about 12,000. Bautzen is the seat of a provincial 

 government, a consistory, and other public establishments ; and the 

 residence of a Roman Catholic bishop. Among other edifices of note 

 it contains a royal palace called the Ortenburg, formerly the residence 

 of the margraves of Meissen, now used as public offices, a Roman 

 lie chapter-house, a town-hall and public library, a Landhiiuser, 

 or house of assembly for the states, a gymnasium, a seminary for 

 educating teachers, with a primary school attached, a large cathedral 

 church, dedicated to St. Peter, founded in 1213, and used both by 

 the Catholics and Lutherans in common, for which purpose it is 

 divided by a screen of trellis-work ; a Protestant church for the Wend 

 congregation, an orphan asylum, several hospitals, and a mechanics 

 school. In and near the town are manufactures of woollens, cotton, 

 lini-ii, gunpowder, paper, copper and iron-ware, beer and spirits. The 

 internal trade carried on is of considerable amount. Bautzen was 

 th birth-place of Meissner the poet, who died in 1805. In the neigh- 

 bourhood of Bautzen is Klein Welke, a Moravian colony with 

 seminaries for boys and girls. Napoleon defeated an army of 

 Russians and Prussians at Bautzen, May 21, 1813. 



BAVARIA (The Kingdom of) derives ita origin from one of themost 

 ancient duchies in modern Europe ; the name appears to come from the 

 Boii or Iloioarii, its early inhabitants, and the appellation is retained 

 in the modern German name of Baieni. It is composed of the 

 greater part of the former circles of Bavaria and Franconia, of certain 

 iliKtricts of Suabia, the principalities of Ansbach and Baireuth, the 

 bi-<)i<>prii:rf of Bamberg, Wiirzburg, Augsburg, Eichstiidt, and 

 Friingen, and some parts of those of Mainz, Fulda, and Spcyer 



(Spires). Its extent is at present more than one-half greater than in 

 the year 1777, when the elector Charles Theodore inherited it, and 

 added to it his patrimony in the Palatinate, comprising 4240 square 

 miles. The electorate itself did not previously exceed 16,674 square 

 miles, but this accession, and the subsequent acquisition of the Deux 

 Fonts territory in 1799, increased it to 21,550 square miles. Above 

 seven-eighths of the territories which now compose it lie in the south 

 of Germany, east of the Rhine, and form a compact state commonly 

 designated the Territory of the Danube and Main, which extends 

 from 47 19' to 50 41' N. lat., and from 8 51' to 13 44' E. long. ; 

 its circuit taken in straight lines is estimated at nearly 1130 miles, 

 but followed out in all its curvatures at upwards of 1530 miles. This 

 portion of the Bavarian dominions, in which seven out of the eight 

 circles are comprised, is bounded on the south by the Tyrol and 

 Voralberg, and at its south-eastern extremity by the Austrian circle 

 of the Salzach in the province of the Upper Ens ; in the east, part of 

 the same province and of Bohemia border on it ; its north-eastern 

 frontier is skirted by the kingdom of Suxony, and its northern and 

 north-western by the principalities of Reuss and the states of ducal 

 Saxony ; and in the west it skirts the dominions of Electoral Hesse, 

 Hesse-Darmstadt, and Baden, until its borders reach the Tauber, at 

 Mergentheim, whence the whole boundary to its south-western point 

 on Lake Constanz is formed by the kingdom of Wiirtemberg. The 

 other portion of the Bavarian dominions, the Territory of the Rhine, 

 which is situated on the left bank of that river, and is completely 

 disjoined from the preceding by the interposition of the Baden and 

 Hesse-Darmstadt possessions, extends from 48 57' to 49 50' N. lat., 

 and from 7 6' to 8 31' E. long. The French departments of the 

 Lower Rhine and Moselle bound it on the south, and the Rhiue 

 separates it from the grand duchy of Baden on the east ; the Rhenish 

 dominions of Hesse-Darmstadt are its north-eastern neighbour ; the 

 Prussian province of the Lower Rhine borders it on the north, and 

 south-west, and in the north-west and west it adjoins the domain of 

 Meissenheim, belonging to Hesse-Homburg, and the Prussian princi- 

 pality of Lichtenberg. 



Area and BuUMthmi. The entire area of the kingdom of Bavaria 

 is 29,628 miles. The following table shows the principal divisions of 

 the kingdom, with the extent and population of each : we add the 

 names by which the respective circles were formerly known, though 

 the areas of the present and former divisions are not always co- 

 extensive. 



The number of cities and market and other towns is 618 ; of 

 villages and hamlets, 23,462. 



Surface. The highlands of Bavaria are offsets from two great 

 masses, the Alps and Sudete-Hercynian chain. To the former belongs 

 that portion of the Noric 'Alps which stretches along the south-east of 

 Upper Bavaria, and throws out its arms into that province ; the 

 Arlberg Mountains, which enter Suabia from the Tyrol and subside 

 in this province ; the Allgau Alps, which commence near Kempten in 

 the south of the same province, and extending north-eastward termi- 

 nate near Mindelheim. The highlands on the north side of the 

 Danube beginning at the northern part of the kingdom contain the 

 Spessart Mountains, a finely wooded chain, separated from the Oden- 

 wald by the Main. They cover an area of 147 square miles, and 

 traverse the circle of Lower Franconia from north to south ; their 

 highest summits, such as the Engelsberg and Geiersberg, do not 

 exceed 2000 feet in elevation. The Steigerwald, a forest range of 

 inferior altitude, "extends south of the Main along the borders of 

 Franconia, and affords a picturesque alternation of woods and fruitful 

 valleys. The Rhiingebirge, a bleak and desolate chain of mountains, 

 with flattened summits covered half the year with snow, lie to the 

 north of the river Main. They are attached on the east to the 

 Fichtelgebirge, and on the west border on the Spessart ; they attain 

 their highest elevation in the Kreuzberg, which is 4162 feet above 

 the level of the sea. The Fiehtelgebirge, which is connected with 

 the Bohemian forest chain, lies in the north-eastern circle of Upper 

 Frauconia : tho chief component parts of this nmsn ;m; granite, gneiss, 

 quartz, and clayslate ; the highest summits are tho Ochsenkopf, or 

 Ox's Head (5280 feet), and some points of the Schueokopf, or Snow- 

 peak (3502 feet). Of the Thuringerwald, or forest of Thuringeu, an 



