. 



BAVAHIA. 



i:\VAP.IA. 



inconsiderable portion lie* within the circle of Upper Fronconio, 

 when it goes by the name of the forest of Francouia (Krankenwald). 

 On the wart tide of the Rhine a branch of the Jura, the Vosgesus 

 lion*,' which loses the name of the ' Voagea ' on entering Rhenish 

 Bavaria, where it is Germanised into the Waagau, stretches in a 

 .north-easterly line deep into the centre of that circle, and termi- 

 nate* in the canton of Kirchheim, in which ia situated its loftiest 

 summit, the Konigastuhl, one of the group of the Donnersberg 

 (Mountain of Thunder), 2142 feet high. The composition of this 

 chain is chiefly old red-sandstone, though in some parts, particularly 

 on the Donnenberg, which is crowned with a plateau above 100 acres 

 in area, it contains hornblende and porphyry. 



In these manes of Bavarian highlands the most elevated points 

 not before indicated are the Zugspitz of the Norie Alps, in Upper 

 Bavaria, 9680 feet, and the Wetterschrofien, 9387 feet ; the Hochvogel of 

 the Allgau range, in Suabia, 8476 feet; and the Teufelg'suss, 9283.feet 

 The only Bavarian heights which rise into the region of perpetual 

 mow belong to the Noric Alps. The Bavarian mountains are gener- 

 ally raw and inhospitable but well wooded. The Sudetsch branch of 

 the grent Uercyniau range comprehends the Bohemian forest moun- 

 tains (Bohmer-Wald-Qebirge), which run along the eastern confines 

 of Bavaria to the extreme eastern point where Hohenstein, about 

 23 miles north of the Danube, is situated, and separating Bavaria 

 from the Austrian dominions east of them, throw out several arms 

 into the circles of Lower Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate. Their 

 highest summits on the Bavarian side are the Arber, 4824 feet, the 

 Rachel, 4720 feet, and the Dreiseaselberg, 4054 feet. 



Bavaria is on the whole a mountainous country : not only is it 

 walled in by lofty mountains on the north and south, but its interior 

 is intersected in various directions by elevated ranges. It contains 

 however many wide and fertile valleys and numerous extensive plains, 

 the face of which in not unfrequently disfigured by swamps and 

 morasses, here called 'moos' and 'filze,' from their surface being 

 covered with a thick jungle of lichens (Lichen mutcut) and reeds. Of 

 then moors the largest are the Donaumoos, 80 miles in area, between 

 Schrobenhausen and IngoUtadt ; the Erdingermoos in Upper Bavaria, 

 upwards of 100 miles in area ; the Isarmoos between Isarock and the 

 banks of the Danube, 35 miles in length and about 3 miles in breadth ; 

 the Eschenlohermoos, which stretches from the bonks of the Laisach 

 to Hornau ; and the Iloaenheimermoos on the Inn. These moors 

 have however within the last few years been partially drained and 

 cultivated. The greatest extent of plain stretches full 50 miles in a 

 south-eastern direction along the Danube from Ratisbon to Oster- 

 hofen ; next to this in extent are the Konigswiese (Royal Meadow), or 

 Bockinger Heath, spreading from Booking to Schurding ; the Riefs, in 

 the heart of which lies Nordliogeu ; the flats of the Regnitz which 

 encircle Niirnberg; and that portion of the valley of the Rhine on 

 its west bank which spreads into a dead plain round Landau, in 

 Rhenish Bavaria. The most romantic parts of Bavaria are the regions 

 on the south-eastern borders, where alpine heights, mountain tor- 

 rent*, lakes, and glaciers, combine to give them the characteristics of 

 the Swiss or Tyrolese landscape. 



Hydrography, Communication*. The Rhine forms the eastern 

 boundary of the Rhenish subdivision of Bavaria from a point north- 

 east of Lauterburg to a point a little south of Worms ; the principal 

 stream* which fall into it on the Bavarian side are, the Lauter, below 

 Lauterburg ; the Klingbach, south of Sondernheim ; the Queich, close 

 to Oennersheim ; the Speyer, near the town of Speyer or Spires ; the 

 Rehbach, Ac. The breadth of the Rhine above Lauterburg is 

 1400 feet ; its fall in this part of its course is estimated at four and a 

 half feet in every three miles and a quarter, and it flows at the rate 

 of about 895 feet per minute. 



The Danube enters the south-west of Bavaria from the Wurtemberg 

 dominion* about two miles south of Uhn, and in its north-easterly 

 and navigable course through the heart of the kingdom as far as 

 Regensbuix (Ratisbon) flows past Ounxburg, Hochstudt, Donauworth, 

 Neuburg, and Ingolstadt, between which lost town and Regensburg it 

 has a Call of 110 feet. In it* course (which is about east-south-east) 

 from Regensburg to Paosau it ha* on its right bank Straubing and 

 Vilshofen, and between Regensburg and Nieder-Altaicb, a snot five 

 miles below Deckendorf, not far from Pan*au, in the circle of Lower 

 Bavaria, a fall of 160 feet The course of this tortuous and impetuous 

 river from Uhn to Paewu is about 250 mile*. The principal streams 

 which are tributary to it along this line are on it* right bank, the 

 Iller (after the latter has received the Bleibach), the Leiba, MUndel, 

 Zumun, and Lech, the Isar below Deggendorf (after it has been joined 

 by the Loisech, Amper, and Wurm), and the Inn, near Pa**au (after 

 it ha* been increased by the influx of the Alz, Saliach, tic.). 

 left bank tho chief riven which fall into the Danube are the WoniiU 

 near Donauwortb, the Altmuhl near Krlillirim, which rises not fnr 

 from Hornxu in Middle Franconia, the Rohrboch near Biibenheim, the 

 Snl tv-ar BeUingries, the Kaab which flows down from the Bohmer- 

 walil, is increased by the waters of the Hcidnab from tho region of the 

 Picbtclgebirge, and joins the Danube above Regensburg ; and loath- the 

 BagM which also come* from the Bobmerwald, and uniting with the 

 Black, White, and Leaser Regen, discharge* itself into the Danube near 

 Xudh-am-Hof, opposite Regonsburg. During it* course through the 

 Bavarian territory tho Danube receives no less than 38 river*. 



The Main originates in two streams, tho Red and White Mui: 

 White springing from the vicinity of Neubau and the Red from the 

 Ochsenkopf, part of the Kichtelgebirge in Suabia; these unite at 

 Kiilmbach, and flow in a general western course to 

 a point a few miles west of Bamberg. Bamberg is on the Regnitz, a 

 large stream which joins the Main on the left bank, a little below 

 Bamberg. The Main continues a general western course to Sohwein- 

 furt, Kitziugen, \Vurzburg, and Aschafieuburg, whence it passes into 

 the territory of Hesse. It is navigable above Bamberg, and in its 

 course through the northern circles of Upper and Lower Fran- 

 couia receives the Rodach near StaflTelstein, tho Franconian-Saale at 

 Ginuiideii, tho Regnitz (as already mentioned) lielow Bamberg, and 

 many other smaller streams. There are three other rivers of note 

 which rise in the Bavarian territory : the Kger and Saale both come 

 from the Fichtelgebirge ; the former runs eastward in Upper Fran- 

 conia into Bohemia, and the hitter northward from the Zcttorwald in 

 the same circle into Saxony; u:M tin- Fulda, which flows immediately 

 into Electoral Hesse, and after iti junction with the Werra forms tho 

 Weser. 



The most important of tho canals of Bavaria is the Lud wigs Canal, 

 which unites the Danube and the Rhine by means of the Main, including 

 a portion of the rivers Altmuhl nnd Kcgnit/. which are made navigable. 

 The canal is about 1 07 miles in length, and passes in the direct 

 the two great commercial town* Number^ un<! Fiirth. It has a 

 breadth of 54 feet at top and :!1 feet at bottom, and a depth . f 5 feet. 

 The summit-level is at Neumurkt, and is 300 feet above the Danube 

 Iv Iheim : there are 94 locks. The estimated cost was upw . 

 800,0002. There is a canal in tho neighbourhood of the Ammer-See, 

 in the western part of Upper Bavaria, 13,000 feet in length, 

 which enables timber-rafts to avoid the hazardous navigation of that 

 lake, as woll as to save a distance of more than 5 miles. A cut was 

 made in 1818 between Worth and Kuitlingen (both on the Rhine), 

 10,624 feet long and G'2 feet broad, with sluice-gates upon the Rhine 

 at each extremity. Another canal was finished in 1807 tx ', 

 Rosenheim and Kufstein, which is 7400 feet long and 36 feet brood, 

 and by which nearly two square miles of highly fertile laud 

 been brought under cultivation. There is also a navigable canal from 

 Fi.mkenthal to the Rhine. 



On the Boden-See (Lake Constanz) are situated the harbour and 

 fortress of Liudau, the most south-western point in Havana ; b . 

 a small portion of the surface of this lake belongs to Bavaria. Tin re 

 arc numerous lakes within the Bavarian territory. The largest is tho 

 Chiem-See (Lake Cliiein), which lies between the Inn and tho Alz, 

 about 13 miles south of Wasserburg and 20 miles east of Kosenhcim, 

 in Upper Bavaria : its surface is about 22,400 acres ; it is ab< 

 miles in circuit, and its greatest depth is above 600 feet Three 

 islands or rather hills rise above its surface, on two of which are the 

 remains of suppressed ecclesiastical communities : its fisheries, w hi. h 

 belong to the crown, are extremely productive. In the western part 

 of the same circle is the Wurm, or Stohrenberger-See, a beautiful lake 

 about 16 miles south-west of Munich, 14 miles in length and about 

 4 miles in breadth. The Ammer-See, west of tho Wiinn-See, is a 

 beautiful piece of water, about 12 miles long and U vcuit : 



its area contains about 11,000 acres, and its greatest depth is 269 feet 

 There are 7 villages on its western banks ; it abounds in li.-h, and 

 derives its name from the Aininer or Amber which falls into it at its 

 southern extremity, and quits it in the north-east near Echiug. This 

 hike is united by the river with the StaBen or Staflfel-See, a lake on 

 the west side of the town of Murnau, about 5 or 6 miles in circuit. 

 The Waller or Walcheu-See (Lacus Wallensis) is another large lake to 

 the south-east of Murnau, containing nlxmt 13,500 acres. This hike 

 appears to be an old crater, an opinion which has gained more general 

 credit from the violent agitation of its waters during the great earth- 

 quake of Lisbon in November, 1755. Its greatest depth is 01 

 and it lies 564 feet higher than the adjoining Kochcl or Kechel-See, 

 which is also situated in the south-western part of Upper l',,i\ aria, on 

 the road from Munich to Innsbruck. The surface of the Kochel-See 

 is estimated at about 1200 acres and its depth at 240 feet : both these 

 lakes are full of fish. The most south-eastern of nil the lakes in 

 Bavaria is the King's (Konig) or Bartbolomsjus-Seo, in the same circle : 

 itn banks are precipitous, and it is surrounded by mountains. The 

 Konigsbach throws itself into the lake from a lofty precipice. South- 

 east of Munich, between tho Isar nnd Inn, about 13 miles east of 



1 lol/kirchcn, is the beautiful lake called the Tegern-See, with a royal 

 residence onoe a Benedictine monastery on high ground at its south- 

 east extremity ; it is encircled on all sides by green valleys, woods, 

 and mountains, and has an elevation of 2487 feet above the level of 

 the Mediterranean : its length is about 14 mile and its breadth about 



2 miles ; it* greatest depth is 337 foot On its oast side is the Quirimi 

 spring, a spring of naphtha, discovered in ]4:i". which (low; from a 



peat ; the liquid in of a greenish-brown tint, inflammable, and 

 affords in some years a supply of about 15 or 1U gallons. 



Bavaria ha* a large number of main and cross-roads, the public 

 roads alone amounting it is said to upwards of 5500 miles; but they 

 are generally lor from being in a good condition : many of the; 

 very bad. 



The only line of railway yet constructed in Bavaria Proper is the 

 great trunk line which enters Bavaria from Saxony, near llof, and 



