BAVARIA. 



BAVAUIA. 



occasionally obtained in inull quantities. The chief mining districts 

 are Upper Franooaia, the Palatinate, and Upper and Lower Bavaria. 

 The total quantity of iron rained in the kingdom is alwut 120,000 tons. 

 The coal-mine* are at Stadsteinach anil \Vund-ii del in Upper Fran- 

 conia, and at Kaisenlautern in the Palatinate. Black-lead (orgraphite) 

 U worked in aereral places, particularly at Obernzell, whence much in 

 sent to America for the purpose of making crucibles. The sulphur 

 raised in various parts is not sufficient for the home consumption. 

 Porcelain-earth is another Bavarian product ; the best is obtained in 

 the justiceship of Wunsiedel in Upper Franconia, and of a quality said 

 to be the finest in Germany, if not in Europe. Salt has been a mono- 

 poly of the crown for several ages. The manufacture is carried on at 

 Berchtesgaden, Roeenheim, Reichenhall, Trauenstein, Orb, Kissingen, 

 Soden, Philipstal, and Tiirkheim. The whole supply amounts to 

 nearly 40,000 tons per annum. There are according to Stein 800 

 different sorts of marble in the circle of Upper Franconia alone. 

 The principal marble quarries are at Untersberg and Tegernsee. At 

 Kelheim is a quarry for lithographic stones. Alabaster and rock 

 crystal, the agate, jasper and garnet, carnelians and asbestos should 

 be added to the list of Bavarian minerals. 



Bararia is abundantly supplied with mineral waters, but few of 

 them are of much note. 



ilanufaclura, Tradt, <frc. In Bavaria as in many other German 

 states the profits arising from vast establishments and the concentra- 

 tion of productive powers are comparatively unknown ; manufacturing 

 industry is mostly diffused over a multitude of adventures on a small 

 scale. Bavaria is also essentially an agricultural country, and hence 

 the deficient supply in many branches of its manufactures. That of 

 coarse linens, for instance, which next to that of beer is the chief, 

 is not confined to a few large establishments, but is scattered over the 

 whole state, and in many districts the agricultural population partly 

 maintain themselves by weaving linen. A few large cotton factories 

 have been established of late years, the principal being one at Augs- 

 burg, which employs upwards of 1200 hands. The manufacture of 

 woollens and wonted hose is carried on to some extent ; but this 

 branch of industry is in the hands of individuals, and not carried on 

 in large factories. The use of improved machinery is however steadily 

 increasing, and additions are constantly making to the number of 

 spinning-mills. In Munich is a large steam-engine and machine 

 manufactory, which has attained a high character for excellence of 

 workmanship. The leather manufactories are of considerable import- 

 ance, but mostly carried on by small manufacturers. There are about 

 150 paper-mills in the kingdom; and Schweinfurt and Mainberg 

 posses* large manufactories of paper-hangings, which are of excellent 

 quality and in much demand in other German states. Glass is manu- 

 factured to a considerable extent Window-glass, bottles, and other 

 ordinary glass-ware are the kinds chiefly exported. In the finer sorts 

 the quality is much inferior to the English, and even the French or 

 Bohemian. The number of works for grinding and polishing looking- 

 glasses is upwards of 100. Nurnberg, Kurtb, Bamberg, and Augs- 

 burg are the principal seats of this manufacture. No optical instru- 

 ment* made on the Continent are more highly valued than those made 

 in what was Frauenhofer's establishment at Munich. The manufac- 

 ture of articles in wood, and the felling, hewing, and general manipu- 

 lation of timber occupy thousands of hands. There are nearly 2000 

 "wine-mills in Bavaria for the preparation of boards, deals, and laths ; 

 and almost as many families ore wholly supported in Ammergau and 

 ItMrilileagailiu by the manufacture of articles in carved wood, some of 

 which are Tery beautiful. There are several porcelain and pottery 

 works, some of them of a superior character. The porcelain manu- 

 factory at Xjinpheiibiirg, not far from Munich, produces china which 

 may bear comparison with the finest in Europe. The Bavarian cruci- 

 ble* are in much request; and the potteries employ nearly 2000 

 master workmen besides labourers, Ac, Of slate- works there are above 

 360. The working of the metal* chiefly consist* in extensive manu- 

 factories of iron-ware, especially nails and needles, the export of which 

 is considerable. The gold and silversmiths of Munich, \Vur/lniix. 

 Nunilierx, and Augsburg ore in great repute. Toys are now made 

 at Nuniberg and it* vicinity in vast quantities and exported to all 

 part* of the world. Black-lead pencils of an inferior kind are also 

 largely made at Nurnberg for exportation. Kire-annn, fowling-pieces, 

 Ac., are made, but not to a very large extent. Nurnberg is cele- 

 brated for iU brass-wares. Munich and Augsburg paasess cannon and 

 other foundries. At Munich is a celebrated establishment for casting 

 bronze statue* and other works of art. In the same city are also 

 works for the execution of stained and painted glass fur windows, Ac., 

 a* well a* for several other branches of art-manufacture, which owe 

 their ri*e chiefly to the munificent patronage of the late king, the 

 CTithu.iiu.tic supporter of everything which related to the fine art*, 

 and the art* and manufactures connected with or subsidiary to the 

 higher branches of art. Fiirth contains many beaters of gold and 

 silver, ftc., and exports leaf-gold and silver for gilding and plating to 

 mo*t European markets. The brewing of beer is however the most 

 important branch of manufacture in Bavaria. It employs upwards of 

 MOO **Ubli*hm*nt* or taxed brewers, by whom more than 96,000,000 

 gallon* of beer an nude yearly. 



Though Bavaria is an inland country, it* trade is greatly favoured 

 by Its geographical position, which has rendered it in some degree 



central point between the Mediterranean, the Baltic, and the German 

 Ocean, and a medium of intercourse between the west and east of 

 Europe. This advantage is increased by its natural productiveness, 

 and by the navigable lines of the Danube, Rhine, Main, and ..'!, r 

 streams. Though an agricultural state the export of its wrought 

 produce and manufactures exceeds in value that of its raw produce by 

 more than one-half. The system of duties ha* been placed on a 

 liberal footing ; great facilities are given to importation, and scarcely 

 any obstacles are thrown in the way of exportatioua. Tin pi 

 articles of export are grain, salt, timber, potashes, liquorice-root, seed, 

 ittlc, sheep and swine, fish, flax, yarn and coarse linens, glass, 

 leather, Nurnberg, Fiirth, and Berchtesgaden light fabrics, beer, ic. 

 The imports ore principally wines, cotton, coffee, sugar, rice, tobacco, 

 drugs, sea-fish, copper, lead, oil, hides and skins, hemp and flax, silk 

 and silk goods, woollens, furs, honey, and cheese. Salt is the only 

 article the import of which is prohibited. 



Inhabitant*. In 1S17 the population of Bavaria was 3,564,757 : in 

 1833 it was*, 187,390; in 1849 it was 4, 519,546. Theincreaseofpopiila- 

 tion is to a certain extent checked by the law by which marriage ix ('Mr- 

 bidden without permission of the authorities appointed in every district 

 to superintend the relief and general management of the poor : aj 

 the poor have a legal claim to relief, permission to marry is not ivndily 

 accorded until the authorities are satisfied that there is gut 

 probability of possessing adequate means for maintaining a family. 



The majority of the inhabitants of Bavaria are Roman Catholics. 

 At the Census, Dec. 31st, 1849, there were 3,060,694 Koma- 

 1,183,933 Protestants, 4836 other Christian sects, and . 

 In Middle Franconia the Protestants are nearly as four to one of i In- 

 whole population ; in I'pper Fnuicouia and the Palatinate they are 

 somewhat more than a moiety ; but in the other circles the Roman 

 Catholics form a considerable majority : in Lower Bavaria at the 

 Census of 1849 there were 515,482 Roman Catholics to 

 Protestants. 



The ' Edict of Religion' of the 16th May 1818 does not recognise 

 any predominant national church, but establishes full liberty of 

 conscience, and gives both to Roman Catholic and Protest..- 

 equality of civil rights ; the privilege of private worship is secured to 

 individuals of every persuasion, and that of public worship m 

 granted by the king upon the application of a sufficient num 

 families. All matters connected with the temporal concerns of 

 religious communities are conducted by the section for ecclesiastical 

 affairs in the home department ; but the exercise of judicial power in 

 the Catholic Church, with reference to members of their own 

 is entrusted to the archbishops, bishops, abbots, and deacons. The 

 king is the temporal head of that church, and no laws, ordinances, 

 or other public acts relating to it can be promulgated without the 

 royal sanction. 



By the concordat concluded with the pope, on the 6th June 1817, 

 two archbishoprics, Munich and Bamberg, and six bishoprics \\ mv 

 burg, Eichstiidt, and Speyer, under the former, and Augsburg, Regens- 

 burg, and Passau, under the latter were instituted. The Lutheran 

 Church is under the conduct of the three consistories of Bairenth, 

 Ansbach, and Speyer, which are subordinate to the Independent 

 Superior Consistory of Munich, the latter being itself subject, to a 

 certain extent, to the control of the home department. The higher 

 orders of the clergy, including deans of chapters, are nominated by 

 the sovereign ; and on the representation of the bishops the emula- 

 tion of such books as they may deem adverse to "the true faith, good 

 manners or church discipline" is prohibited. The revenues of the 

 Roman Catholic Church arise from estates and endowments, over 

 which its hierarchs exercise unlimited control. The president of i In- 

 Lutheran Consistory has a seat and vote in the Senate or < loui 

 the Kingdom (Reichsrath); and the Protestant clergy are maintained 

 by the state. An animal grant is likewise made for the support of the 

 inferior Roman Catholic ministers. Besides the pure Lutherans, 

 there are a few thousand reformed Lutherans in Bavaria ; but the 

 members of the two persuasions in IMn m.-h Bavaria agreed t<> 

 in 1818 ; since which period they have fanned one religions community 

 mid' i- the designation of the Protestant Evangelical Christian Church. 

 There are a few Mennonitex and llerrnhnthcrs in the Bavarian states, 

 and some Greeks in Munich. The Jewish portion of the population 

 are mostly settled in Lower and Middle rrancouia; they enjoy full 

 liberty of conscience, but are not admitted to participate in eivil 

 right* and immunities, unless they become naturalised and adopt 

 distinct family names. 



iiinn. This important department is under the immediate 

 <up( rinteiid'-in-e of tin- Superior Board of Education and Ecclesias- 

 tical Affairs (Ober-Sclml-und Kirehen-rath), attached to the ministry 

 of home affairs, and under the imUonliiiate direction of the several 

 provincial government*, one member of which has particular charge 

 of all matter* connected with scholastic instil n' ion -. Subordinate 

 again to the latter are the inspectors of district and local schools ; 

 those for the local schools being in general the ministers and elders of 

 parishes. No child is excused attendance at the schools except such 

 a* have received permission to pursue their studies under private 

 tutors. There are three universities, two Catholic at Jlnnn-h : nd 

 Wurzburg, and one Protestant at Erlangen ; the two former are 

 led by about 2000 and the latter by about 400 student*. Next 



