BAVARIA. 



JUWTUV. 



Bavaria, as a member of the German Confederation, furnishes the 

 largest contingent (35,600 men) of any exclusively German state. 

 The army of the kingdom is much larger. The peace establishment 

 it as follows : 



Infintry IS rnrU. of the line and 8 batuK of sharpshooter* . 92,900 



Cavalrr S rr(rimrnU 8,96 



Artillery J rtirlmenU 7,42 



tapper* mod Minn*, Fontoanmen, and Artificer* . . . . 1,411 



70,311 



with 8688 hones. The army is commanded by 1 field-marshal, 

 4 generals, 11 lieutenant-generals, and 2094 other officers. The war 

 establishment increases the number of soldiers about 3500. 



The I And wehr, or militia, ig, under the ordinance of the year 1 826, 

 composed of all Bavarians who have not been already drafted into the 

 ranks of the aotive army or battalions of reserve, are not under 

 nineteen or above sixty years of age, and are not noblemen or eccle- 

 siastics. The number is determined by the king according to the 

 emergency, and may amount to about 300,000 men, independently of 

 any levies in the Palatinate. Bavaria has a right to pans by a military 

 road through the territory of Baden, which gives Bavaria direct 

 access to its dominions on the Rhine. 



The fortified places in Bavaria are Landau, the strongest of its 

 fortresses, in the Palatinate : it is also one of the fortresses imme- 

 diately attached to the German Confederation ; Passau, on the 

 Danube, in Lower Bavaria ; Wurzburg, in conjunction with the 

 citadel of Marienberg ; Ingolstadt, at the confluence of the Schiitter 

 and Danube, in the Upper Palatinate; and Vorchheim, in Lower 

 Francouia, a place of inconsiderable strength. Bavaria also possesses 

 several mountain strongholds, such as Rosenberg, near Kronach, in 

 Upper Franconia ; Rothenberg and Wiilzburg, in Middle Franconia ; 

 and Willibaldaburg, near Eichstadt, in the Upper Palatinate. 



Jlittnry. Our accounts of the ancient Celtic Boii are few and of 

 little importance. If tradition however is to be credited they 

 migrated from Gaul and took possession of the country between the 

 Upper Danube and the Alps, after subduing the native inhabitants, 

 about 600 years before the Christian era. Shortly before this last 

 epoch the land of the Boii fell under the Roman yoke, and a consider- 

 able portion of the present territory of Bavaria became a constituent 

 part of the Roman empire, under the name of Vindelicia, during the 

 following 150 years. In the 2nd century, when the North poured 

 down its barbarians upon the South, there was no county in Germany 

 which felt the pressure more severely than the land of the Boii ; and 

 its inhabitants were long kept in a state of wretchedness and slavery 

 by a constant succession of barbarous invaders, till at last, between 

 the middle of the Sth and 6th centuries, the Heruli, Marcomanni, 

 Thurinjii, and other tribes, established themselves permanently in 

 Noricum, which constitutes part of the Bavaria of the present day, 

 adopted the name of Boioarii, and forced the owners of the soil to 

 abandon their native language and customs for those of the German 

 race. The country received the appellation of Boioaria, which has 

 since been corrupted into Baiern and Bavaria. On the dissolution of 

 the Roman empire Bavaria became a vassal of the Ostrogothio empire, 

 and at a later date of that of the Franks, whose yoke however was so 

 easy that the people were permitted to elect their own dukes out of 

 the patrician line of the Agilolfingera. These princes, whose sway 

 lasted for more than 250 years, were so little dependent upon their 

 foreign masters that they exercised every prerogative of sovereignty 

 except the right of making laws and alienating lands, which were 

 acts that required the sanction of a body of legislators, consisting of 

 priests, counts, judges, and elders of the people. Thassilo, the last 

 duke of the Agilolfingian line, was in the year 788 compelled to 

 submit to Charlemagne after an obstinate resistance, and was con- 

 demned to death at the assembly of May in that year, but was 

 subsequently pardoned and shut up in a monastery. From this time, 

 which was at the close of the Sth century, the kings of the Franks 

 and Germans governed the country by their lieutenants, who were 

 dukes or counts taken from various families. In 1070 it passed by 

 imperial grant into the possession of the Guelphs ; and in 1180 upon 

 the expulsion of Henry the Lion, duke of Bavaria and Saxony, it was 

 transferred by the Emperor Frederick to Otho, count of Wittelsbach, 

 a native prince, from whom the present king is descended. One of 

 the most important acquisitions subsequently made was that of the 

 earldom of the Rhenish Palatinate, with which the Emperor Frederick 

 III. invested this family in 1216. Their dominions were afterward* 

 divided between contending relatives at various times, until tln< 

 dukedom of Bavaria was fully severed from the Upper and I; 

 Palatinates in 1329. Several other partitions ensued. In H.nV th.. 

 right of primogeniture in the royal family was introduced, and finally 

 received as the law of the land in 1578. The treaty of Westphalia 

 not only recognised the title of the Bavarian princes to the Upper 

 Palatinate, of which they had re-possessed themselves in Hi-jl, but 

 confirmed them in the electoral dignity, to which they had been 

 raissd by the emperor of Germany in 1623. Upon the extinction of 

 direct WitUlnach line in the person of Maximilian Joseph 1 1 1. in 

 the Elector Palatine, Charles Theodore, succeeded to the 

 overeignty, and ceded the districts of the Inn, containing an area of 

 840 square miles, to Austria; but by adding his patrimonial 



rions (the Palatinate, and the duchies of Juliers and Berg) 

 Bavarian territory, he increased its superficial extent to upwards !' 

 21,000 square miles, and its population to 2,384,000. To these 

 acquisitions the treaty of Luneville in 1801 added the lands on the 

 left bank of the Rhine ; but the r. of Germany two yean 



afterwards deprived Bavaria of the palatinate on the right bank, to 

 the extent of about 4620 square miles, while it transferred to it in 

 exchange 6720 square miles, including the dissolved bishoprics of 

 Augsburg, Bamberjj, Wuiv.burg, :ii" n, parts of the domains 



of Eichstadt and Passan, &e. The treaty of Presburg, which raised 

 the electorate to the rank of a kingdom in 1 805, transferred certain 

 possessions of Austria to the Bavarian crown, among which 

 several districts in Suabia, the Tyrol, Voralberg, Brixen, ami 'I 

 as well as the cities of Augsburg, Lindau, &c. The additions thus 

 made were about 12,180 square miles, from which how 

 deduction of about 2040 square miles is to be made for the ab 

 I ment of the Wurzburg territory. 



All these changes and accessions increased the area of Bavaria in 

 1806 to nearly 31,500 square miles. In the same year Bavaria relin- 

 quished the Duchy of Berg iu exchange for the Margraviate of Aushach, 

 became a member of the Rhenish Confederation, and received tin- 

 city of Nuruberg and the sovereignty over the mediatised territories 

 of several former princes of the empire, as a compensation for the 

 cession of some inconsiderable districts to Wurtemlmrg. By the treaty 

 of Vienna in 1809 the Bavarian dominion* attainc.1 the greatest extent 

 of territory which they ever possessed. One of the consequences of 

 this treaty was, that upon giving up the south of the Tyrol to the 

 Italian crown, and certain domains to Wurtcmburg and Wurzburg, 

 i acquired nearly the whole of Salzburg, Berchtesgaden. tin 1 

 Austrian circle of the Inn, and part of that of the Hausruck, Bairvulli, 

 and Regensburg, by which exchange her possessions wore increased to 

 about 85,700 square miles. In conformity with the treaty of Niod 

 in 1812, the settlement with Austria on the 19th June 1814, ami the 

 negotiations concluded with the same power on the 14th of April 

 1816, Bavaria restored to Austria the Tyrol, Voralberg, the di. 

 of the Inn and Hausruck, and those portions of Salzburg which lie 

 to the east of the Salzach and Saale. Bavaria received in return 

 Wurzburg, and certain parts of Fulda, of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, 

 of Baden, and of the territories of the old palatinate, Speyer, &c. 

 (formerly constituting portions of the French departments of Donners- 

 berg, Saar, and the Lower Rhine). 



The first king of Bavaria was Maximilian Joseph, who assumed tlio 

 royal dignity on the 1st of January 1806, and was succeeded on the 

 13th of October 1825 by his son Lewis [Ludwig] Charles Augustus I., 

 who abdicated on the 21st of March 1848 in favour of his son 

 Maximilian Joseph II., the present king. 



(Rudhardt's State of th' Kiinjil-ini nf H<n\iria, fmm official toiircc* ; 

 Von St. Bullion's Uistor; 



Von Schlieben's Bataria, ; Cammerer; Hassol; Stein; Ib.rschel- 

 mann; Malchus; Westeurieder ; Eisenmaun; Barrow; Strang, &c.) 

 BAVAY. [Noun.] 



BAVIAN, a small hamlet in Kurdistan, situated on the left bank 

 of the Ghazir, opposite to the village nf Kliinn' .nds on the 



right bank of the river in about 86" 424' N - }* 43 - 

 The place has become celebrated in yrian rock 



sculptures discovered near it by the late M I li consul at 



Mosul, and since visited and described by Dr. Layard in hi 

 and its Remains,' and in his 'Nineveh and Babylon. 1 Tl 

 are carved in relief on one side of a narrow rocky ravine in th. 

 souri hills, on the right bank of theOomel,abrawliiigmouiir 

 which joins the Ghazir from the north-west just above Bavian. The 

 sculptures are cut in the face of a limestoue cliff that rises j 

 dicularly from the bed of the torrent The face of the cliff ha 

 smoothed down into several compartments or tablets, each i 

 a frame of the living rock, and protected by an overhaul.' 

 IV.. in the water that trickles down the precipice. The bas-r. 

 which are of colossal si/.e and admirable execution, :iro of th' 

 Assyrian type, and represent gods, kings, warriors, sacn 

 and mythic animal : .ive suffered much from th. 



the atmosphere, but still more fr..m the excavation n the 



ready scarped rocks by some people who occupied the country after 

 the fall of the Assyrian empire. Across three of the tablets are 



inscriptions in the ' iform character. whi.li were copied ! 



Layard and have been translated by 1 >r. Hincks. These inscriptions 

 recount the exploits of Sennacherib, and are considered ol 

 :ilile hi..toHr:i| importance. They will be noticed iu another dh 

 of thi w..rk. 



BAWTRT, a market-town and townnhip which is generally 

 xidrred to lie in the Went Riding of Yorkshire; part of the town is 

 however in N hire. Bawtry is partly in the parish of Birth, 



and partly in the parishes of Scrooliy and Harworth. That, p 

 which is in Yorkshire belongs to the lower division o ntake 



and Tickhill ; th ili.-wapcn- 



tke of Bassetlaw. The boundary line of the counties runs east and 

 west through the town. Bawtry is in 53" 25' N. lat., 1 1' W. long. ; 

 44 miles S. by K. from York, 153 miles N.l.y W. from London by 

 road, and 147J miles by the Great Northern railway. The population 

 of the chapelry of Bawtry in 1851 was 1170. The living is a curacy 



