915 



BAY. 



BAYONNE. 



held with the vicarage of Blyth, and is in. the archdeaconry of Not- 

 tingham and diocese of Lincoln. 



Bawtry is situated on a slight eminence which gradually slopes 

 towards the river Idle. This river, which flows eastward of the town, 

 is navigable for small craft. The road from London to York passes 

 through the main street, which is very broad and has some good houses. 

 The whole town is cleanly and cheerful in its appearance. The streets 

 are macadamised, and the town is lighted with gas. The chief employ- 

 ments of the people are those connected with agriculture ; and the 

 retail shops are chiefly supported by the neighbouring rural district. 

 The church, which is small, is subordinate to that of Blyth. There 

 are two places of worship belonging to the Dissenters. There is a 

 National school at Bawtry, which is supported by subscription, and 

 which furnishes instruction to about 100 children. The market-day 

 is Thursday. The corn-market, which had for some time fallen into 

 insignificance, was revived in October 1849. There are fairs on the 

 Thursday in Whitsun-week and November 22nd. 



Dr. Hunter says that formerly, when royal personages travelled 

 with mure state than at present, the king, or any member of his family 

 who might be on a journey in the district, was usually met at Bawtry 

 by the slieriffof the county with a train of attendants. 



(Hunter's History of the Deanery of Jjonmtter ; Communication from 

 Yorlt/iirt:) 



BAY, a portion of the sea, of such a form that it is wider at the 

 part nearest the open sea and narrower the farther it advances into 

 the mainland. According to this definition the term is rightly 

 applied to the Bay of Biscay, the Bay of Bengal, Chesapeak Bay, and 

 Botany Bay ; but sometimes it is used where the term 'gulf would seem 

 to be more appropriate. This latter term properly implies an arm of 

 the sea which, without any or with only little diminution in breadth, 

 enters very deeply into the mainland, as the Gulf of Bothnia or the Gulf 

 of Finland. Smaller portions of the sea of this description are called 

 in Scotland 'friths' or 'firths,' and in Norway, where they are very 

 numerous, ' fiords' or 'fjords.' According to this definition we should 

 not say Baffin's Bay, but Baffin's Gulf. To introduce greater precision 

 into geography it would still be necessary to distinguish both bays and 

 gulfs from 'close seas," by which we understand extensive parts of the 

 sea inclosed on every side with land, and united with the ocean only by 

 straits or narrow arms, like the Mediterranean or the Baltic Sea and 

 the Red Sea. But here too the common practice is not exact. We 

 nay Hudson's Bay where we should use the term Hudson's Sea, and 

 the same observation holds good for the Gulf of Mexico, which as 

 well deserves the name of sea as the Caribbean Sea. Sometimes also 

 close seas have received the name of gulfs, as the Persian Gulf. 



BAY OF ISLANDS. [ZEALAND, NEW.] 



BAYAMO. [SALVADOR, SAN.] 



BAYAN KHARA MOUNTAINS is the Mongol name of a very 

 extensive range in Eastern Asia, in a corner of the globe which has 

 never been visited by Europeans, and which therefore is only known 

 to us by the accounts of the Chinese geographers. According to them 

 a vast mountain-knot is situated nearly in the centre of the high table- 

 land of Eastern Asia to the west of the Lake Khoo-khoo-nor, between 

 35 and 38 N. lat., and about 96 and 100 E. long. From this 

 mountain-knot high ranges seem to proceed towards all the points of 

 the compass, three of which extend to the east in the direction of the 

 principal chain. The most northern, called Khi-lian Shan, separates 

 the basin of the lake of Khoo-khoo-nor from the great desert of the 

 Gobi. The middle chain, and as it seems the highest of the three, 

 called Siue Shan (Snow Mountains), fills up with its numerous high 

 and ateep summits the whole region between the lake of Khoo-khoo- 

 nor and the great river Hoang-Ho. The most southern of the three, 

 the Bayan Khara Mountains, first runs towards the south, and the 

 waters descending from ita eastern declivities give rise to the river 

 Hoang-Ho. Soon afterwards the range declines towards east-south-east 

 and separates in this direction the upper courses of the two great 

 rivers Hoang-Ho and Yang-tse-kiang, until branching off in numerous 

 ramifications it obliges the Yang-tse-kiang to take a southern and the 

 Hoang-Ho a northern course. Thus these rivers, which to the west of 

 100 E. long, run hardly more than 50 miles from one another, are under 

 103 E. long, a distance of more than 10 degrees of latitude apart, 

 which they keep to about 112 E. long., where they again approach 

 one another within about 4 degrees, or about 270 miles. The moun- 

 tain chains in Eastern Tibet, and in China between the Hoang-Ho and 

 Yang-tse-kiang, are connected with the Bayan Khara Mountains. 



We know nothing respecting the mineral riches of the Bayan Khara 

 Mountains from the Chinese geographers ; but we are informed that 

 those ranges which lie to the west of 103 E. long, in many places rise 

 above the line of perpetual snow, and that even glaciers are frequent 

 among them. They are however rarely visited on account of their 

 severe climate. (Klaproth's Atiatic Magazine ; Ritter's Asia.) 



BAYAZID. [AHMENIA.] 



BAYEUX, an episcopal town in the French department of Calvados, 

 stands on the little river Aure and about 6 miles from its mouth, in 

 49 17' N. lat, 0" 42' W. long., at a distance of 155 miles W. by N. from 

 Paris, and has a population of 9840. The town is old, and the houses 

 are generally built of wood and plaster. The large cathedral is said 

 to be the oldest place of Christian worship in Normandy ; some 

 portions of the structure date from the llth century, when the Con- 



ozoo. Div. VOL. i. 



queror's brother Odo held the see of Bayeux. It is built in the form 

 of a cross and in the gothic style. The west front is surmounted by 

 two lofty towers of xmequal height crowned with pyramidal spires ; 

 the higher of the two has an elevation of 246 feet. Above the choir 

 springs an octagonal bell-tower, which terminates in a pyramidal 

 lantern, and this is supported by 8 elegant columns ; the entire height 

 of this tower is 240 feet. The other churches are that of St.-Exupere 

 which is situated outside the town, and that of St.-Patrice. Before 

 the revolution there were 1 7 churches in the town and its environs ; 

 there arc now four. The town-house in which the famous tapestry of 

 Queen Matilda was kept is the only other remarkable building. The 

 tapestry has we believe been recently removed by order of the 

 Emperor to Paris, to be deposited among the historical records of 

 France. Bayeux is famous for its manufacture of lace. There is a 

 manufactory for producing large lace-pieces, such as dresses, scarfs, 

 shawls, mantillas, &c. These laces are exported to Spain, Mexico, the 

 United States, and elsewhere. The porcelain of Bayeux maintains a 

 very high repute. Muslins, serges, calicoes, table-linen, cotton-yarn, 

 leather, and hats are also manufactured. The town is situated in a 

 very fertile plain, rich in pasture ; hence there is a good trade in 

 agricultural produce, but particularly in butter, fat cattle, pigs, 

 poultry, &c. Five large fairs are held annually ; one of which on the 

 1st and 2nd of November is a great horse fair. Bayeux has a college, 

 tribunals of first instance and of commerce, an ecclesiastical seminary, 

 and a public library. It stands on the line of railway now in course 

 of construction through Caen from Paris to Cherbourg. (Dictionnaire 

 de la France ; Macgregor's Statistics.) 



BAYLE'N. [JAEN.] 



BAYO'NNE, a considerable town in the south of France, in the 

 departments of Basses-Pyrdndes and Landes, in 43 30' N. lat., 1 30' 

 W. long., distant 430 miles S.S.W. from Paris, and 65 miles W. by N. 

 from Pau : population, 17,303. 



Bayonne is favourably situated for trade, being at.the junction of 

 two navigable rivers, the Adour and the Nive, whose united streams 

 fall into the Bay of Biscay two or three miles below the town. By 

 these two rivers Bayonue is divided into three parts. That part 

 situated on the left, or south-west bank of the Nive, in called Grand 

 or Great Bayonne, that between the two rivers is called Petit or Little 

 Bayonne, and that on the north or right bank of the Adour is called 

 the suburb of St. -Esprit. The latter is in the department of Landes; 

 in its population is included a large number of Jews, the descendants 

 of persons expelled at various periods from Spain. The entrance of 

 the port is narrow, and a dangerous shifting bar crosses it, on which 

 in westerly winds there is a violent surf. The harbour is however 

 safe, the bar affording it shelter to seaward, and it is well frequented. 

 The risk of danger in entering the harbour is now somewhat diminished 

 in consequence of the employment of steam-tugs. 



Bayonne is fortified, and is in the first class of strong places. Each 

 part of it is defended by ramparts flanked by bastions and surrounded 

 by wide and deep ditches which can be flooded at pleasure. Great 

 Bayonue has a castle flanked by four round towers called the Old 

 Castle ; Little Bayonne has the New Castle flanked by four bastions ; 

 and adjoining to the suburb St.-Esprit is a citadel which command:, 

 at once the two rivers, the approaches to the city both by land and 

 sea, and the city itself. 



Bayonne is a handsome place. The houses are well built of stone, 

 the streets are wide, and the places or squares are adonied with good 

 buildings. The different parts of the town are connected by bridges, 

 two over the Nive, and one, a handsome wooden bridge, over the 

 Adour. Along the river-side are some good quays. The numerous 

 vessels large and small by which the rivers are covered give animation 

 to the scene. Of the public buildings the Cathedral of Notre- 

 Dame and the Mint may be mentioned. The town has a tribunal of 

 first instance, a tribunal and chamber of commerce, naval and com- 

 mercial docks, a school of navigation, and a theatre. The environs 

 are remarkably beautiful, having woods, hills, rivers, meadows, and 

 cultivated fields, stretching along the foot of the lofty Pyrenees. 

 There is a fine promenade called Alldes Marines, which is lined with 

 trees, and extends about a mile in length along the left bank of the 

 Adour. The bayonet was invented at Bayonne and named from it. 



Bayonne has extensive rope-walks, glass-bottle factories, sugar 

 refineries, ship-building yards, and establishments for fitting out ships 

 for the whale-fishery. It is famous for its hams, which however are 

 not cured in the town, but near Orthez and Pau in the Pyrenees, 

 whence they are brought to Bayonne for exportation. Brandy and 

 excellent chocolate-are largely made. The trade of the town is very 

 considerable : broadcloths, linen, silks, tar, drugs, wines, brandies, and 

 fir timber are among its exports ; also masts, which are floated down 

 from the forests of the Pyrenees by the Nive and Adour, or their 

 branches, and sent to Brest and other ports. Of the imports, Spanish 

 wool is the principal ; among other articles of import are saffron, 

 liquorice, bullion, and olive-oil. The coasting trade employs the 

 greater part of the vessels which enter or leave the port of Bayonne; 

 a few ships are engaged in the cod-fishery. A good deal of smuggling 

 is carried on between the frontier districts of France and Spain. 

 Small steamers ply on the Adour between Bayonne and Dax. Bayonne 

 is the see of a bishop, whose diocese includes the department of 

 Ba.ises-Pyrdnc'es and who is a suffragan of the archbishop of Auch. 



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