101* 



BEHAT. 



of any not* which it contain* This town, which is fortified, is in 

 20* 34' X. hit. ami 75 60' K. loug., and stands on table-land near 

 to an important pass through the Berar Mountains : the place in thinly 

 inhabited. About .u mile* south from Ajunta, on the banks of a 

 stream called the Kaitna, is the arnall town of Auayt, or Auye, where 

 on September 23rd 1803 was fought the celebrated battle between 

 the English army under the Duke of Wellington, then .General 

 WeUealcy, and tho confederate armies of Dowlut Row Scindio and 

 the Raja of Nagpore. Gawelghur is of considerable extent. To the 

 north east the surface of the country rises into hills of considerable 

 elevation ; the other parts of the district, which ore less hilly, arc 

 intersected by numerous small streams, which render the soil pro- 

 ductive. (iavcl<jhr, the capital of the district, is a fortifie I town, 

 in 21* IX N. lat, and 77" 24' E. long., built on a high rocky hill 

 in a range of mountains which divide the sources of the Tuptee and 

 Poonah rivers. Kullum is bounded on the east by the river Wurda. 

 The fort of Mahore in situated in 19 54' N. Int., and 77 53' E. long. ; 

 we have no modern account of the Mahore district. Maihker U a 

 small district above the Ghauts. The town of Maililcer stands 

 among the hills, in 20 ' N. lat, 70 35' E. long. The district of 

 Nagpore, with its capital, will be noticed elsewhere. [NAGI-OHE.] Ner- 

 imllah is situated above the chain of mountains which extend from 

 Ajunta to the head of the river Wurda. This district is thinly peopled 

 and indifferently cultivated ; it is watered by the Puma, and a great 

 number of small tributaries which flow from tho mountains. The 

 town of Nernullah is mentioned by Abul Fazl iu " a large fort con- 

 taining many buildings, and situated on the top of a mountain." 

 Wauaaim is situated above the Ghauts. Tho principal town, Wauuim, 

 is in 20 10' N. lot, and 77 22' E. long. Wynegunga occupies a part 

 of the western division of the province ; that portion which lies on 

 thu west side of the Wynegunga River is for the most part hilly, and 

 is occupied by the 'wild Zemindars' already mentioned : this part of 

 trict is very imperfectly cultivated. On the east side of the 

 river, where order somewhat more prevails, the whole country is 

 brought under culture. The numerous ruins of towns, forts, and 

 tanks in this district show that it was once much more populous than 

 at present 



The more settled or civilised parts of the province of Berar arc 

 connected with the government by the system known in India as tho 

 Tillage settlement Under this system each village (comprehending 

 under that description the forms within a given district) contains a 

 head man called the potail, with whom the government arranges the 

 amount of rent to be paid in each year by the ryots, or small farmers. 

 The potails act as judges in petty criminal and civil cases, assisted by 

 arbitrators. 



The chief productions of the province arc wheat, rice, Indian corn, 

 pea*, vetches, flax for the oil contained in it- r, betel-leaf, 



and tobacco. The wild indigo plant is generally met witli. l.ut is not 

 cultivated. The trade of the province is limited to a small amount 

 of internal traffic. Domestic slavery exists, but not to any great 



(Ayin-i-Akbari ; RennoIT* Memoir; Mill's Briiith India; Parlia- 

 mentary Papert.) 



HERAT, a town in the northern part of Albania in European 

 Turkey, is situated in 40 48' N. lat, 19 62' E. long., on the right 

 bank of the river Beratinos (the ancient Apsus), distant 30 miles N.E. 

 from Avlona. In Slavonic it is called Arnaout-jBe/i'yrad, or Albanian 

 Beligrad, to distinguish it from Belgrade on the Danube. [BELGRADE.] 



The fine valley in which it is situated is better cultivated than the 

 country to the southward, and the inhabitants are more civilised. 

 There is a good bridge of eight arches over the river, and a citadel 

 or acropolis upon a hill. This acropolis was much enlarged by Ali 

 Pasha in the present century ; ito circuit contains a small town, and 

 many Greek churches of tho Lower Empire. The low,., p-.rt ..f its 

 walls exhibits some massive building of the ancient Greeks. The 

 lower town, which is ouUide the walls of the acropolis, chiefly on 

 Hi south-east side, is large, and contains thirteen Turkish mosques. 

 The bazaar, which is handsome and spacious, lies close to the river. 

 It is well supplied in articles brought from Constantinople and Mace- 

 donia, as well as in foreign goods imported through Avlona. The 

 inhabitant* of Berat are estimated at 9000. The town gives title to 

 a Greek Archbishop. The women wear a cap or bonnet in shape like 

 a bishop's mitre, and nearly two feet high ; it is generally made of 

 blue cloth, and fastened under the chin by ribbons. Blue is the 

 predominant colour in female apparel at Herat In 1809 Berat, 

 then in pntwexnon of Ibrahim, pasha of Avlona, was taken by Omer 

 Bey Vrioni, general to Ali Pasha of Joannina. 



.hcs and Hobhouiw, Trattlt in Albania; Balbi, Gfograpkit.) 



. . 



ItA, or BURBUKRA, is a commercial place in Africa, 

 d <m the southern shores of the Gulf of Aden, and nearly op(>o- 

 Jite the British settlement of Aden, in 1 f) 27' N. lat, 45 8' E. long. 

 is built at the head of a small inlet, which affords excellent shelter 

 the prevailing winds throughout the year. The town, or 

 noamnment as it ought to be called, consists of an assemblage of rude 

 f various forms, round, oval, and square, generally about six feet 

 or MTta feet in height built with .ticks covered with mats or skim. 

 Then hut* an erected in November, or as toon as the first caravan 



arrives, and are dismantled at the breaking up of tho fair in the 

 of May, when the greater part of the materials are removed. The 

 annual fair is visited by immense numbers of t 

 trade, amounting it is said to from 1' 



very few remain on this part of tho c-.ia.--t during the north-east 

 monsoon, owing to the suffocating hot winds, which in June, July, 

 and part of August blow with great violence. The permanent inha- 

 bitants are a few Banians and some chiefs of the neighbouring tribes, 

 who have houses of a larger size, which arc divided into apartments. 



The trading season commences about tho end of October or begin- 

 ning of November, when the first caravans from the interior arrive on 

 tho coast, and bring with them materials for constructing the huts, 

 and immense droves of sheep, which are immcdiat 

 the Mocha market before they have time to fall off in flesh, as 1 1 

 no pasturage for them about BerWrra. After ti mg of 



November caravans arrive daily, ami also vessels from nil the neigh- 

 bouring countries. The March kafila however is the principal, and 

 itly consists of 2000 camels. These caravans bring ghee, 

 coffee, sheep, myrrh, bon/oin, gum Arabic, elephants' tusks, 

 dust, ostrich feathers, dry hides, and also an . led ' \vurs ' in 



Arabia, which is described as something like saffron in appearance, 

 and is used in that country as an ointment fur cooling the body ; it 

 is alao mixed with flour and made up in cokes, in which stat< 

 said to be very palatable. Among the articles of tiicrchan.li 1 >r. night 

 to the fair are slaves, many of whom are Christians from the neigh- 

 bourhood of Shoa in Abyssinia. Tho vessel place 

 come from Busrah, Muscat, Cutch, Bombay, , Masullo, 



Mocha, and Jiddah : Uiey import blue and white cotton 

 Indian piece-goods, European prints, silks, silk thread, shawl 

 cotton-yarn, brads, sugar, rice, iron, copper, wire, zinc, dates, 

 few other articles. 



The country southward from Berberra is inhabited by the Somaulix, 

 and affords neither pasturage nor cultivation to a distance of ten miles, 

 the soil consisting of a coarse sand or gravel. Along the coast 1 

 Berberra and Cane Guardafui the olibonum-trc : i - a mm-h 



prized resin, used for incense, is grown ; the resin is export e.l in Arab 

 vessels from a small port near Cape Felix, and has been long con - 

 an Arabian product Berberra was plundered and burnt by the 

 Portuguese in 1517. 



(Trantacliont of the Bombay Geographical Society, vol. i. ; London 

 iiical Journal, vol. xii.) 



BERBERS, the name given by the Arabs to the original iuhal 

 of North Africa, which corresponds to the Libyans of H 

 were the aborigines of the north, and by hint distinguished from the 

 Ethiopians to tho south, and from the ' I I'hirniciiu- 



hod settled on the northern coast The Berbers of the Atlas i 

 from the Atlantic const of M.-irocco to the shores uf the (!nlf of Khali* 

 or Lesser Syrtis, call themselves in their own languages Amnzirgh, or 

 Toinzirght The name of Berber appears to hove been first used by 

 the Arab writers in the 2nd century of the Hegira (8tli 

 our era), after the Mohammedan conquest of North Africa and ..f 

 Spain. The Arabian historians and geographers have given various 

 fanciful explanations of the word Berber. In the ;;neii-nt Roman 

 geography of Mauritania we tin. i .-i tnU- c:illi'.l Verves in the north- 

 eastern part of Tiugitana, near the western bank of the Molochat 

 River, and farther south beyond the Scbu River were the Verbicoc and 

 the Nectiberea, According to Griiberg the origin of the word Berber 

 might be traced to those. 



The origin of the Berbers in uncertain, but of great antiquity. 

 Arabian writers trace them from the land of Canaan. There is a 

 tribe of Berbers near Mequinez called Ait Amor, said to be the 

 descendants of the Amo rites. Griiberg thinks that the Amir/.ii y '< 

 existed in North Africa previous to the age of Joshua, and the 



I' the Shellooh are in favour of that supposition The Shellooh, 

 it must be observed, are a clans-people and great genealogists. 



Numerous other emigrants from the East are r<-p"i- 

 settled on the coasts of Northern Africa at very remote times, H> 

 <!iid hiH companions, Armenian*, ! IVr-ian* (Sail 



'De Bello Jugurth.'), Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans, Vai, 

 Arabs, Ac. This will account for the great admixture of i. 

 various parts of the country, especially near the coasts; but still one 

 race, the Amazirgh, appears dictinct from the oldest tim.n on record 

 on having maintained it* identity, iti habit*, and n separate language 

 till the present < ! 



It is now general i that the 1. 



Morocco and Sun, the Showiah or Kabylus of Algiers, the i 

 and other tribes of I 1 .'creed south of the Atlas, the 7. 



of tlie rcgi-ii 'he A'dems of Ghadamis south .if Tripoli, the 



Tuarics of the Great Desert, as well ax the inhabitants of the Oases of 



lull, and ppibal.K of F.v./Jin also, are bran, 

 great ] 



Africa. Thrir vnrio!!,' .l;,il<et- are probably derived from one common 

 language, as far as can be judged from the scanty Information v. 

 concerning them. Seetzen and Venture think that the Ham' 

 Berbers of Nubia are also derived from the same stock, and Seetzen 

 was assured by one of the Barabra pilgrims that the Berbers of the 

 Nile understand the dialect of the Berbers of Moghrib, or Marocco, 

 who come with the caravans through Nubia on their way to Mecca. 



