



air K laL, 1*V 



. 

 far Ik* * part of very hick 



i* upon wiM fro*, and the 

 AtC>UlorBooroBay.m 

 - - s ' -* 





it-amiUa. 



KM of UM oo*t, who are Mo* 

 ef UM Dnsh Mien, bat 



far shelter during UM 

 of dye 



M..V. for which 



~ Mtfv. rf Booro, MdOa^mt M 

 mwtr. TMllooie8tn^**rnto* ^ 



; Porter. 7V*fM< J*Wo*rW.) 

 or BHOOTA'X. an alpine region in Northern 



by UM umtori- of th. Raia of 



by M nloow. MMato district, . by Tibet, aadlT by Bengal and 

 pie* UM demt between the table-knd ^f Tibet 

 on th* bank* of UM Oangea, toMther with a 

 UM foot of UM dope Th. surface of 



*a**M of rocky moanUina. Th* valley*, 



r narrow, are (ravened by riven which for many 

 of eateraete and rapida. Bootan include* the 

 i 1 1* illy of UM H imalaya rang*, and her* on the boundary 

 of Ttbst tad* UM 1-bamaUri whkh rbe* to a height of about 

 The 8nomoMng Pa*a, on* of UM higheat of the 

 over UM Himalaya in this district, I* 15,741 feet above the 



of 

 bom** 



*M*efUM Himalaya fcc about 1 

 UM. .arvow limit. UM Bind land 

 Tti. r.M ** raosthuU. the . 



whtoh bdoog to UM alpine region, 

 of Tibet and along the outtxrn 

 It appean that within 

 



of UM northern dlrtriote 

 a*th* land 



ef KMB UM* oUtowt I 

 <. U to UM oUMT. 





Tioleotly among hag. 







with rmpouniT and rwden UM air 

 The upper region* are oninhabit- 



alpinenion ie UM bat eulthatod 

 - -' of the whole c.intry. 



: 



orrwly.attj 

 fadMUritMa. 



: ' 



rinr* reaeh the low pUln* of Bengal, they I 



rhich in oowwhat more than 10 mile* links from 

 bet to l*e*th*B SOO fc*L Her* the valley* are again 

 MITOW thai the road* have been mad* on the 

 along deep prMipiee*. Agriculture in this 

 fewemaUspuU. CatU* and hogs Bod abundant 

 pro4*>o* of UM woods. Thi* region Uexpceed 





and to unhealthy, haring a tendency 



ad only divided from it by 

 ' UM Tarirani, noted all 



vamp. There being no outlet 





Aa alMoM UmhaiMtibU supi.lv of 



pply 



' 



-. it can only 

 1U carried 



iimlMiontlMbaefaof men. Tb. natives 

 ef brtdys. liiptiil to UM river and to UM 



Ovwl 



I sM* UM raek, natein* two riopiag 







MdUM wboU bridge form* 

 i vivMBt nw off BM 

 rnfinrbal, which 



|SM f *Mnb*raf IM ebalna, whkh Mpport a 



****aJ * MBKamJlMia ***> MBMBB^til ! - *' I 



" 



IBB *f * *4 MBBW o4T, AT* v4n4cbd from 



*f nulnlil by a hoop of the 



BOOTAN. 



_ The pMMOgfr plaore hinwlf between ' 



in UM MOD, and a*uing a rope in each hand, alidee hiiu.vlf along with 

 randepeed. 



over a Iremendone abyu. 



Th* mo*t ooaeUerabto river of Bootan U the Tehln-tchieu, whioB 

 tnven** UM wbol* country from north to ftoutl), ruing in the mnun- 

 tain rantr* between UM ChamaUri an<l Mount Olinwa, and randng l<y 

 Tawinidon ; it receive* UM Pa-tehien and the Ha-tohieu, and after a 

 turbulent ooon* join* th* Bnunapntra near Ilanpuuat t y. E&ntWArd 

 " 4 to UM Tchin-tchieu it the Cbaan-tchirti. fornieil by 



of the M*tchieu, Pa tchicu, and Tahan-tchieu ; it rut.- 

 UM Bnunapotra within UM ooofloee of Bengal T! ..fall 



ah* rirera of BoTtan i* far too great to allow of cither navigation or 

 irrigmt 



In the hilly country the alone* are out into (tagei, and the rice 

 planted on them i* watered by the descending stream*, which are 

 made to overflow the bed* iucc**ivrly. The native* ehow ninch 

 iadoctry in the cultivation of their field*, which are alwaya neatly 

 dre*M{. Beaide* rice they cultivate wheat, barley, and a p 

 the polyponum of Linnwim, which produces a triangular need, i 

 the riie of barley, and i* the common food nf the puopl<' in ninny 

 plaoea. The level tract* along the Trliin-t< liii-u yi.-M two .T..J.- in 

 the year ; the finrt, of wheat and barley, U cut in June, and tl> 

 which U planted immediately after, enjoys the benHit of tin- raina. 

 Tnrni|). eachaloU, cucumber*, gourdu, and melons are cultivated. 



Of domestic animal* only honea, cattle, and hog* are kept. The 

 hone* are nearly all of a peculiar ipecie*, indigenous in Bootan. 

 They are uaually 13 hands high, and remarkable for their jtut pi opor- 

 tiona, uniting in an eminent degree both strength and beauty. They 

 are commonly of a piebald colour, with various shades of black, bay, 

 and aorrel upon a ground of the purest white. The chowry -tailed 

 cattle, or yak (Bat ynuntie**) pastures in summer among the snow- 

 topped mountain* which constitute the boundary between Bootan 

 and Tibet, and in the winter it descends into the deep glcni farther 

 to the south. Bee* are common, and are managed with care. 



There are no towns in Bootan, and the Tillage* generally consist of 

 not more than ten or twelve house*. Only the palace* of the lamas, 

 of the Daeb Raja, and the governors of the provinces, have any degree 

 of importance. The fnrtnmo* are built on very advantageous cites, 

 generally at the confluence of two rivers. The native* of Bootan, 

 called by the Hindoo* Bootee**, or Botiyas, are members of a very 

 extensive Himalaya nation. They belong physiologically to the 

 Chinece and Birman race. They are Buddhist* ; but in their r, : 

 OKremonie* they differ widely from other nations. Their tvuinleo are 

 mall aquarca, in which the image of Buddha is prext rv.-.l. They are 

 never opened, and the whole divine service of the ]>eople consist* in 

 processions made round the temple, accompanied with the i 

 word*, " Om man ni pad me hum ! " (" the jewel of the Buddhistic 

 fulness U truly revealed in the Padina (Lotus) flower.") Near the 

 temple* are many tall flagctafl*, which have narrow banners of white 

 cloth reaching nearly from top to U>ttni, and inscribed with the 

 am* mystic words. The same words cut in relief are 'ID*. 

 on tablet* uuerted in wall* erected near the t .mpl,-*. The Booteea* 

 oon*id*r the Dherma Raja as an incaniat; viniu , ..n.l he U 



their ecclesiastical chief as well as their sovereign 

 absorbed in the contemplation of the Divinity, he takes no part in the 

 internal or external affairs of the country, which r- entirely left to 

 the management of the Daeb Kaja, except that the 1)1. 

 appoint* one member of the state council. Tliin council 

 eight persona, without the assistance of whom the Ihtch Ilaja can do 

 nothing of consequence. The niiinlK-r of priest*, called gylonm, 

 amount* to upwards of 6000. Th.-ir principal duty consists Y 

 tudy of the religious book*, which soem to be numerous and full . f 

 metaphysical distinction*. They are bound to celibacy, and are not 

 permitted to cultivate the ground ; but they may enter into tra.! 

 accept public offices. The Bootee** do not kill any animal, Inn 

 eat UM fleah of those which have been kille.1 by others, or 

 New-bom children are washed the first day with warm \v 

 following dav they are immersed in a cold river. No religious core- 

 monk* are ob*erv<vl ,.n ntiTing into matrimony. It is axsert* 

 polygamy exist* among the rich, and polyandry among the poor. The 

 dead are burned, and the gylongs officiate on roch occasions : the 

 MM* are thrown into the river. On the house of the burned person 

 flagstaff* are erected, in order to accelerate the regeneration of the 



Bootan ha* little mineral wealth. Only iron and copper are found, 

 and iron only i* worked. Potter's-clay i* obtained in a few district*. 

 Home commerce i* carried on by Boutan with all the neighbouring 

 coontrie*; the mo*t important in that with Bengal and Tibet The 

 oommoditim for Bengal oonnuit of Tangun horse*, linen-cloth, monchus, 

 ohowrta*, orange*, walnuU, and mungit (a kind of red c.. 



' : ' i .!..( 1]" 



coam cottons, indigo, sandal-wood, assafmtida, and spicca, nil of wlii, 1, 

 articles an consumed in the country or sent to Tibet The same 

 oonunoditie* are sent to Nepaul and Asam, with th,. **. 



alt Part of the eommoditie* brought from Itengal are sent to 

 *, in Tibet, with rice, wheat, and flour. Tea, gold, silver, and 

 embroiderie* are received in exchange. The Booteea* import from 

 Cut* B*ar oattl*, hog., drUd lUhTbetel, tobacco, 



