41 



BORGNE. 



BORNEO. 



42 



from that of the bore of the rivers iu India, except that it rises to 

 15 feet, and forms three or even four swells, which follow in rapid 

 succession. 



(Reunell, Ilindostan ; Ayre, Cororjrafia Srasilica ; Burnes, Ethersey, 

 and Jervis, in the London GtograqphioQA Journal ; Eschwege, Brotii/un) 



BORGNE, LAKE. [Miss'issu-H.] 



BO'RGO, an Italian appellative, which occurs in the name of several 

 towns, is derived from ' burg,' which is said to have been first adopted 

 by the Romans on the German frontiers of the empire to signify an 

 assemblage of houses not inclosed by walls, Burgus or Burgum. It 

 was afterwards applied to the fortified villages of the German soldiers 

 in the service of Rome. The Germanic nations, in their invasions of 

 Italy, introduced the appellation into that country, where it was 

 generally applied to the houses and streets built outside of the gates 

 of a walled town, corresponding to the Roman suburbia. The French 

 fauxbourg had a similar meaning, being derived from fors burg or 

 fori* burg, a 'burg outside of the town." Several districts in the 

 Italian cities have retained their original name of Borgo, although 

 they are now inclosed within the walls. The district of Rome which 

 is between the bridge of San Angelo and St. Peter's is called II Borgo. 

 So there are several districts at Florence called Borgo, as Borgo dei Pinti, 

 because they were originally outside of the city walls. There are how- 

 ever also towns standing by themselves which have the name of Borgo. 



Bory<: .San-/>mnmo, a town in the Duchy of Parma, is situated 

 13 inilee N.\V. from the city of Prma, on the road to Piacenza. It 

 vas formerly a feudal castle of the house of Pallavicini, around which 

 the town rose up ; it now has 5000 inhabitants, some fine buildings, 

 and nn old cathedral. It is the chief town of the province of Borgo 

 San-Donnino, which lies between the Taro and the Riglio, and has an 

 area of 621 square miles, with a population (in 1851) of 132,036. 

 Borgo San-Donnino is a bishop's see, and has a college, elementary 

 schools for boys, and several manufactures. It stands on the ancient 

 yKinilmn Way, and on the line of the projected railway from Bologna 

 to Piacenza. 



< Stjtolcro, a city of Tuscany, 1 4 miles E.N.E. from Arezzo, 



the valley of the Upper Tiber. It originated in the 10th century 

 with two pilgrims, who having been to Palestine brought back a piece 

 of the stone of the Holy Sepulchre (San Sepolcro), and built a her- 

 e on thi.i spot. The fame of their sanctity attracted many 

 people, and a number of houses were built, to which the name of 

 Borgo San-Sepolero was given. The town wag formerly inclosed by 

 walls, which were shaken down by an earthquake ; it is still defended 

 by a citadel. It is a bishop's see and has a cathedral, several other 

 churches, and a theological seminary : population about 5000. Borgo 

 San-Sepolcro was subject to the Holy Sec till 1440, whi n En ; niusIV. 

 transferred it to Florence. It has produced a great number of eminent 

 painters, whose works adorn the churches of their native city. 



Borehetto, the diminutive of Borgo, frequently occurs as the name 

 of small places in the States of the Church. 



BORKUM. [AcRicn.] 



i.MKj (in German Wornu), a town of Austrian Italy in the 

 Valteline, is situated between two head streams of the Adda, and at 

 the foot of the Ortler-Spitz, one of the highest summits of the Rhetian 

 Alps. The famous road over the Stilfer Joch, or Monte Stelvio, con- 

 necting the valleys of the Adda and the Adige, skirts the north-west 

 flank of the Ortlcr in passing from Bormio to Glums. This road, 

 -;hest point of which is 9000 feet above the sea, was constructed 

 by Austria between 1819 and 1825. Bormio is a small town, number- 

 ing leas than 2000 inhabitant*. It was partly burnt by the French 

 ''.). The climate is cold. Some barley and rye and excellent honey 

 are the principal productions of the neighbourhood, which affords also 

 'immer pasture. The town has several churches : that of Rant' 

 Antonio contain* some good paintings. The mineral baths of San- 

 Martino near Bormio are frequented by invalids from the Tyrol and the 

 Valteline. In the Valfurva, east of Bormio, there are iron-mines and 

 a chalybeate spring. 



Bormio formerly belonged to the Swiss canton of Orisons ; together 

 with the Valteline and Chiavenna it was annexed to Lombardy by 

 Napoleon I. in 1796. 



]!()!!. :!:<> (called by the natives Pulo-Kalamantin), the largest 

 inland on the globe, with the exception of Australia, occupies the 

 centre of the Indian Archipelago. It is bounded S. by the Java Sea ; 



Mac.'WHJir Strait, which divides it from Celebes, by the ( 



Sea, and tin: Sooloo Sea ; and N. and W. by the Chinese Sea, which is 



i by the Balabac Strait to the Sea of Sooloo, and by Caramata 



Strait to the Java Sea. The island is divided by the equator into two 



qual parts, though the most southern point, Capo Salatan, is 



only a little more than four degrees south of the equator, and the 



most northern point, Cape Sampanmanjo, extends a few minute* north 



N'. lat The most easterly point of Borneo is Kaniungan Point, 



which lien under the meridian of 119 20' K. ; the most western point 



is about one il"grec north of the equator and nearly under 10U E. 



long. The inland is about 850 miles in its greatest length from north- 



norlh'M t to eolith-south-west ; and ita greatest breadth is about 



680 miles. The main mam of the island lies south of 2 30' N. lat., 



miles long by 450 miles broad ; to the north of that 



parallel a peninsula extends towards the mirth-cost upwards of 300 



miles ia length and 120 miles in average breadth : consequently the area 



of the whole island may be close upon 284,000 square miles. The 

 population has been estimated at three millions ; but it is needless to 

 remark that nothing definite is known upon this head. 



Coast-Line. The eastern shores south of Kaniungan Point, the whole 

 extent of the southern shores, and the western coast up to Cape Datu, 

 on the western side of Sadong Bay, are for the most part low, and iu 

 some places marshy and alluvial. From Sadoug Bay the coast runs in a 

 north-east direction to Cape Sampanmanjo, which shelters Maludu 

 Bay on the west. The navigation along this part of the coast used to be 

 deemed perilous on account of the numerous islets and rocks that line it 

 and the sudden squalls to which it is subject. The establishment of the 

 colony of Labuan and the acquisition of the rajaship of Sarawak by Sir 

 James Brooke have in recent years attracted British cruisers to this 

 coast, and the perils of the navigation no longer seem to be very formid- 

 able. The coasts of the peninsula are in many parts 1 iold and rocky, and 

 indented by several large bays, the principal of which are those of 

 Maludu and Labok, long the haunts of the Lamm, Sooloo, and other 

 pirates. It was in the Maludu Bay that Mr. Burns was murdered by 

 the Lanuns a few years ago. Off the mouth of Maludu Bay lie the 

 islands of Balambaugan and Banguey. To the south of Labok Bay, 

 but separated from it by Sandakan Bay, lies the peninsula and pro- 

 montory of Uusooug, which is a great resort of the swallows, whose 

 edible nests form an important object of commerce with China. The. 

 peninsula of Unsoong is said to be the most eastern point on the 

 globe in which the elepha-it is found in its wild state. 



M"t'-ntain*. Of the interior of Borneo very little is known. A Dutch 

 expedition started from the south-west of the island in 1823 to tako 

 possession of the gold and diamond mines, and advanced about 300 

 miles inland without meeting any mountains of such an elevation as to 

 prevent their progress. They came to a large lake calle 1 Danao Malayu, 

 80 miles long and 1 2 miles broad, somewhere in the interior, but they did 

 not fix its site. Borneo haa a grand mountain system, but little more 

 is known of it than the general direction of the leading ranges. And 

 of the interior of the country generally it may be said that we are 

 almost entirely ignorant. 



From Cape Datu, a remarkable headland on the west coast, a range 

 of mountains (averaging between 3000 and 4000 feet in height) 

 sweeps inland to a considerable distance from the shore of the 

 Chinese Sen, and then runs to the north-eastward, increasing iu 

 height as it goes northward, and known under different names 

 the Krimbang Mountains, which bound Sarawak on the south ; to 

 the north of these the Batang Lupar Mountains, and then the Madi 

 Mountains. Between this range and the Chinese Sea lies the exten- 

 sive country of Borneo Proper, which occupies all the north-west of 

 the island. Near 5" 80' N. lat. the axis of the range strikes the 

 south-western corner of a large lake called Kini-Balu. The range 

 here declines a little to the westward, and seems to be a little broken, 

 but it soon resumes the northerly direction, and rises on the north- 

 west side of the lake to an elevation of 13,698 feet in Mount Kini- 

 Balu (Chinese Widow), the highest known point in Borneo ; from this 

 mountain the range continues northward to its termination in Cape 

 Sampaunmnjo. Near the parallel of 4 N. Mount Main ri^o.s at a long 

 distance from the main ran',-e (it is probably unconnected with it) to 

 the height of 8000 feet. Numerous rivers flow across Borneo Proper 

 from these mountains, tho principal of which, proceeding noil'.- 

 wards from Cape Datu, are the river of Sarawak, the Batang-Lupar, 

 the Rajang, and the Kimanis, all of which are navigable streams. 



Mount Kint-Balu forms a conspicuous object to mariners along the 

 north-west coast. At its base lies the Lake of Kini-Balu, which is 35 

 miles long and 30 miles broad, with an average depth of between five 

 and six fathoms. The country east of the Lake and Mountain of 

 Kini-Balu is occupied by the Maludu Dyaks. The extreme north- 

 east coast is indented by the bays of Labok, Sandakan, and Giong ; 

 the last two are separated by the peninsula of Unsang, which is 

 traversed by the Kinibatangan Mountains, and along the northern 

 base of these runs the Kinibatangan River into Sandakan Bay. Giong 

 Hay in of great extent, its western shore nearly touches 118" E. long. 

 To the south of the Maludu country a large extent of territory belongs 

 to the sultan of Sooloo. 



The Madi Mountains seem to comprise a central knot whence lofty " 

 ranges run to the east and south-east dividing the rest of the island 

 into distinct and extensive basins. One of these ranges runs east by 

 south from Mount Beringin, near 2 30' N. hit, and terminates in 

 Kaniungan Point, separating the territory of Coti from tho 

 Bern country, which comprises the basin of the Pantai River. At 

 a nhort distance south of Mount Beringin another lofty range, the 

 Anga-Anga Mountains, springs from the Madi Mountains and runs 

 south-east to tho equator, which it ntrikes under 116 E. long., nnd 

 thence taken a southern direction to its termination in Cape Salatan 

 tho most southern part of Borneo. This range separates the Dutch 

 territory of Bangermassin from the territories of Coti, Passir, nnd 

 Tanah-Bumbu which lie between these mountains and the strait of 

 Macassar. The southern part of this long range, where it separates 

 Bangermassin from Tanah-Bumbu, is called tho Meratus Mountains. 

 I in tin' western side of the Anga-Anga Mountains is the extensive basin 

 of the Banjer River, and to the west of that the basin of the i 

 Dyuks River. At no great distance from the point where the range 

 leave) the Madi Mountains it sends off a long olfthoot called the 



