

) R ft if. 



UM Ml baak of 



UM aaa, aad b mU to bar* a 

 O/UM nwri. 



ba 



,Upi.r.ti laliwa* and bar. 



l i piU four or fir, fret abb, 

 UM water freely to |M under 



Ctata*. lh> rfcHI|i|llil. aad the Uooloo laland*. but 

 i of Hh**|ii* UM Bugb aiinainta of Borneo 

 i ar* rice, blaek pepper, camphor, 

 rtb-ahaU. pearls, and motharof- 

 r.w Alk. aad nankaM, UM thra* but 

 hiaa. At Singmpore they take in 

 cotton* aad wool Una, opium, iron, arms, and arnumnrUou. 

 i weak aad ii.ni.aali. gurarnmeat of the aultaaa of Bruno" 



tb town b aaid to kWre of Uu 



U eaid to bar* of Uu nan decaye n importance, an 

 of UM population an Mid to ham removed to Labuan and 



LJt. an bland in th Baltic, 



to Dcnmnrk, 

 about 9.i nnl.M 



provfev. of Seebnd. is 



bland ofiUad(lUnd). about 40 milea E. by & from 

 Y*aad oai UMOD*** of Hwaden. and about 50 mile* N.E. from the island 

 of R*a. It b about M mile* long by IS mile* wide, and including 

 three ble*. to UM north lartaard H contain, an ana of about 210 



of about 25,000, who are almost 

 Rornholm b a rooky and mountainous 

 in by precipitoo* cliff* aad dangerous 

 of the year tb* approach toil U extremely 

 A high Tang*, called Almin-Unnn, which tretchee across 

 Cram north to aooth, contains the Ryttorkneeht, the moat 

 poiot ia UM Ouid. .bout 500 feet in height The Almindin. 



iaterwctedby fartila valley* aUrtod with underwoodi of oak. 

 TWe .1 aba a anaokm* moor, 'the Lyngmark,' in the interior, on 

 wid grow bat low juniper and other wild ahrub*, with 

 i ; UM laiiahltaali however UM it u common pattare 



which BoUdac 



Tb*> remainder of UM UUnd baa a atony ami, partially inter- 

 wiUt tract* of d***> loam, and on thra* apota with drifting 

 arabiiha U aralanil by a number of rinileu, nuanaaaa aooM 



apraftfB, aad ha* irreral ahaU of wator. Every apot U 

 Tb* 



b cold, but dry and healthy, 

 u The tgricaUaral product* ar* oata, rye, barley, 

 flax, bmp, hop*, and potatoes. The lire stock 

 an ecaall. bat of food quality ; their number* ar* estimated at 9000 



ar^ 3UiU 



I cow*, and 25.000 ahaa|i. Baa* an everywhere 

 .cuUrly dock* and (***, b abundant, and 

 UM b acanty. The ooast abound* 

 , and amall-aUad berrinn. Cod is 

 of sandstone "4 miliatotina an 

 Mraavli nMrUa, abaa. aad'pottor'*-earth an found. The manufw 

 IWM kaclod. wotJkm. pottory. bricks, tiba, and dock* aad watches. 



Ta* laraxr* ar* in gaaaral *11 



to do ; they an UM owner* of the 

 leaoand to the youngeat aon ; baton 

 t daughter, not UM youngest, inhe- 







. bat provide for thToVfcoc. of UM bland out of their 

 /.' '. ia the aooUHWaat of UM bland, b the capital 

 It b a thftrhkj pJaoa, with a *mall fortified harboor. from which 

 atMaan ply r^tvlarjj to CopanhajM, calling at Yatad on the couth 

 aaat rf HmWa, TVa population excewU 4000 : they an chiefly 

 1 la UM aaaVarba, la UM maa.ftMlan of woolUm and tobaooo, 



ron UM*OBth^ai eoaat. which romaaiii 

 '--abitaata ; AMrk+m. in the inte- 

 Mrbl* church, UM Bnaat in Born- 

 'M west ooant, with an 



:, !l 



UM northeast point of 

 thneanall udand* or 

 OraabolBMa, an about 

 - 1 - ChrbUanaa* and 

 "ruawn, BM on rbrbUanaoe then 

 aarf UM taking of the am-fowl an vary 



h Africa, 



Tchad and th* riv? 

 owrtrjr of JlandarajandW.by U,c 



Tebad an awnoatod in the 

 rrtrrat farther to 



to iaaaiblfciin. the alow rirar* and rlTuleU which intcrwct the country 

 being uaable to carry off UM unmen*e cupply of water dtirini; the 

 rainy aanan ; and thua oitonair* tract* which akirt tln-ir banks on 

 both aidea are oovarad with water, aad ramain inundated generally fur 

 thro* month*. The river* have generally a abort counw ; they fall 

 either into Lake Tchad or into the Hh*ry or tho Yeou. The Shary hai 

 it* aourae in UM Haadara Mountain*, and ecni* to form the boondaty 

 Uornou and Bafharmi for nearly Ihe whole length of it* oourw 



ia UM jilain*. Toward* it* mouth it divide* into many branchea and 

 form*nuineroua deltoid bla&da ; thoae which lie ueareat to the mouth* 

 of thai ii branchea ara oomplete iwampa, and unfit for agriculture even 

 during UM dry aaaaon. The Yeou River ri*e* in tliu hilly country of 

 flinnaa. near 10" E. long., where it i* called Shoohum, and after 

 having traveraed in the first half of it* course a country inoatly 

 covered with low rocky hill*, it run* for the reni.iin !< T !" ita coune, 

 which in general i* in an eaatern direction, through the extensive plain 

 of Uuruou to Lake Tchad. 



The heat of Bomou i* very great, but not uniform. The hotteat 

 aaon i* from March to Mny, when there i* no rain, and the ther- 

 mometer eomeUme* rise* to 105* and 107 at two o'clock in the after- 

 noon. The prevailing southerly winds at thin season are RUfTocnting 

 and aoorching. In the night the thermometer sometime* fall* to 86 

 and 88*. Thi* hot aeaaon U followed by violent thunder and light- 

 ning, and rain aeU in toward* the middle of May. At the end of June 

 .:i<lation* of the riven and lakea begin. In October the rains 

 become lea* frequent, the air id milder and more fresh, and th.- v. 

 erene ; breeze* blow from tho north-went, with a clearer atmosphere, 

 Toward* the end of December and in the beginning of January 

 the thermometer never rue* above 75, and in the momiug it fall* 

 to 58. 



The only implement of agriculture U an ill-ahaped hoe, made from 

 the iron fount! in the Mandatn Mountain*. All the labour* of the 

 field devolve almott entirely on women. The most valuable product* 

 are maize, millet, aenna, aome rice, a little wheat and barley, together 

 with cotton and indigo, of which the two last grow wild close to Lake 

 Tchad and in the overflowed grounds. The indigo i* of a eu; 

 quality, and the dark-blue colour of their tobea, or large shirt* (the 

 only dreaa the people wear) i* probably not excelled in any part of the 

 world. Boruou is almoot entirely destitute of fruit-trees. Mangoes 

 are only found in the southern districts near Maudaro, and date-treat 

 ouly to the north of Woodie, at tho north-western angle of Lake 



The wealth of the inhabitant* principally consist* of alavea, bullocks, 

 and hone*. Black cattle are most numerous. The Shouaas, who are 

 of Arabic descent, and the ruling tribe on the shores of Lake Tchad, 

 breed also many horses, and aend to Soudan annually from 2000 to 

 3000. The other domestic animal* are dogs, sheep, and goats ; the 

 common fowl Bees and locust* are numerous ; the latter are eaten 

 by the native*. The beast* of burden arc the bullock and the tan. 

 There b a very fine breed of aasea in the Mandara valley*. Camel* are 

 only u*ed by foreigners or persons of rank. 



The lion, the panther, a specie* of tiger-cat, the leopard, the hyicna, 

 the jackal, the civet-cat, the fox, and several species of monkeys, 

 black, gray, and brown, are found in lioniou. Elephanta are so nume- 

 rous near Lake Tchad that henls of from fifty to two hundred are 

 me* aeen : they are hunted for the ivory as well as for t !.. ir 

 flesh. Other wild anituala whose flesh ia eaten are the buffid 

 crocodile, and the hippopotamus. The flesh of the crocodile U 

 extremely fin* : " it ha* a green firm fat, resembling the turtle ; and 

 the calipee baa the colour, firmness, and flavour of tho finest veal." 

 (Danham.) The giraffe is found in the woods and marshy grounds 

 near Lake Tchad ; there are also antelopes, gazelles, hares, and on 

 animal called kooriguiii, of the size of a red deer, with annulated 

 horn*. 



Partridge*, grouse, wild ducks, and geese, snipes, ostriches, pelicans, 

 spoon-bills, and the crane species abound. Guinea fowl abound in the 

 woods. Reptile*, especially scorpions, centipedes, large toads, and 

 serpent* of several kind* are very common. 



M found in the Handara Mountain*, and imported into BomM, 

 tint in no great quantity. The best come* from Soudan, mostly 

 worked up into good pota and kettles. 



The inhabitant* speak ten different dialects of Arabic. The 

 Shouaas, who inhabit the borders of Lake Tchad, are Bt-duiiiH, and 

 have p re* enrol the Arabic nearly pure. They ore the b. 

 Bomou, and it ia aaid that this country can muster 15,000 Shouaas. 

 The aborigines of Boning, who call themselves Kim large 



unmeaning fact-*, with flat negro noses and mouths of (.< 

 I..IL. with good teeth and large foreheads. Their dre* 

 on*, two, or three tobea, according to the means of the wearer. Per- 

 son* of rank wear a cap of dork-blue, but common people go bare- 

 headed, and take care to keep the head constantly free from 

 They arc Mohammedan*, and leas tolerant than the Arabn. Tin y 

 tattoo their bodies like the other negro nations of I .ln-ve latitudes. 



The princi|l towns or cities are thirteen, among which the most 

 important are Kouka, An>-"ni"ii, the residence of the sheikh, and 

 the residence of the sultan. These arc all situated at a little 

 distance from each other and from the west shore of Lake 'I 

 between 12 30' and 18* N. Ut, Other towns are Old Birui, 1 



