49 



BORODINO. 



BOSNIA. 



up the Yeou, and Digoa and Afi'agay, on the route to the Maudara 

 country. 



The country is governed nominally by an absolute sultan, but the 

 whole power is in the hands of the Arab sheikh, whose soldiers are 

 well disciplined and armed, and he can if neccsaary collect an army of 

 20,000 men. 



The commerce of this country is not great, but there is a consider- 

 able transit-trade across Bornou between Soudan and the Moors of 

 Tripoli. The Moors bring different sorts of cotton and silk, a few 

 woollen cloths, and various utensils of metal : they receive in exchange 

 ostiich-.-kins, elephants' teeth, and raw hides. Strips of cotton, 

 about three inches wide ami a yard in length, are called gubbuck, and 

 used as small coins iu the retail trade ; three, four, or five of these, 

 according to their texture, go to a rottala.and ten rottala are equal to 

 a dollar. (Denham.) 



BOKOI'i'Xo. [Moscow, Government of.] 



JJOUOUGHB1UDGE, West Hiding of Yorkshire, a market-town 



and borough in the parish of Aldborough and lower division of the 



tke uf ( :l: TO, is situated on the right bank of the Ure, in 54 6' 



Z !' \V. long., 17 miles N.W. from York, 208 miles N. by W. 



from London by rood, and 212J miles by the Great Northern railway. 



Tlie population i if the township of Boroughbridge in 1851 was 1095. 



The living is a perpetual curacy, held with that of Dunsforth in the 



same parish, in the archdeaconry of Richmond and diocese of Ripon. 



Boroughbridge owes its origin to the circumstance of the line of 

 the Great North road having been diverted from Aldborough, 

 through which it had previously passed, and carried over the river 

 I ."IT by a bridge which was constructed at the spot where Borough- 

 bridge now stands. After this Aldborough declined, while Borough- 

 bridge gradually rose ; the remains of old buildings in Aldborough 

 supplying the materials for many of the new erections hi the rival 

 Fur about three centuries Boroughbridge sent two members 

 it, but it was disfranchised by the Reform Act of 1832. 

 :1 Edward II. defeated the Karl of Lancaster and the confede- 

 rate barons in a battle fought at this place ; the earl and other noble- 

 men were taken prisoners, and afterwards executed. Many British 

 coins mid other antiquities have been found in the parish. 

 :>1 a beautiful tessclated pavement was discovered. The most 

 striking remains are the Arrows [ALDBOROUGH], which are at a short 

 ice to the west of the town. 



be chapel-of ease there are places of worship for Wesleyan 

 Methodists and Independents. There are a National school, an Infant 

 school, a subscription library, and a news-room. The chief business 

 in Boroughbridge is the shipment of agricultural produce. The Ure 

 is navigable as high as Ripon, six miles above Boroughbridge, for 

 small craft, and several warehouses connected with its commerce 

 '>n the right bank of the riv ^'abridge communicates 



l!.;-.-i!i.l Hull by the Ure and the Ouse ; with Leeds, \Vakefield, 

 and the manufacturing districts by the Ure, the Ouse, and the Aire 

 and Caldor navigation. The houses in the town are neat and well 

 built. In the market-place there is a fluted Doric column. The 

 l.-day is Saturday : several fairs are held in the course of the 

 year; one in June, for hard now become of little import- 



ance : the other fairs are chiefly for cattle. 

 BOlfoVSK. [KALI-UA.] 



JOMEAN ISLES. [M.ui'jioRE, LAGO.] 

 BORROWDALE. [CUMBERLAND.] 

 I .' >i:UOVVST< >WNi:ss. [LISUTUGOWSUIHE.] 

 fUil:sO]>. i HI :., UIY.] 



IMBUBOHHnM.1 



VSTHKNKS. [Ilxn 



TLE. [C.JIINWALU] 



:AXDUIA.] 



i literally ' Bushmen '), ia the name which the Dutch 

 colonists at the Cape of Good Hope have given to a wild and roaming 

 race of people who live about the northern skirts of the colony and 

 as far ag the Orange River, without any settled habitations, and who 

 do not rear cattle or constitute tribes like the Hottentots. The Bos- 

 is are a branch of the Hottentot race which separated from 

 it long before the establishment of Europeans in Southern 

 . and took to a wandering life in the northern and more inland 

 of the country. Their language appears to bear some analogy 

 t of the Hottentots, although the Bosjesmans and the Hotten- 

 imderstand each other. They have both the same clack- 

 >ind of the tongue, only the Bosjesrnans have it stronger and 

 y drawl out more the ends of their sentences. 

 the universally distinguishing baton* of the Hottentots 

 the same broad Hat nose, long prominent cheek-bones, and yellow- 

 brown hue of th-/ ,,kiii ; and thrir physiognomy has a similar expression 

 tt of the Hottentots, only more wild and animated, owing to 

 tl i ir insecure and wandering habits of life. They are neither hus- 

 pli'-rd.i ; they have no cattle or flocks, but kill wild 

 .'li tlr ir iirrou , catch fish, and also feed on locusts, snakes, 

 nets, and upon roots and berries. They are ctipaliln 

 .mi, and like other savages they eat 

 when they fall iu with plenty. The Bosjcsmans are gene- 

 rally very lean and of a low stature, as if stunted in their growth. 

 A sheep-skin fastened round the neck with the woolly part inside, a 



"I. DIV. TOL. II. 



greasy leather-cap on the head, with their woolly hair smeared with 

 grease and dust and tied in a number of knots hanging down, a jackal- 

 skin fastened with a leather thong round the middle of the body, 

 sandals of ox-leather bound round the feet, a bow and quiver with 

 poisoned arrows, a gourd or broken ostrich-egg to fetch water, and 

 two or three straw mats, which being placed on sticks form a sort of 

 tent, these constitute all their apparel, furniture, and utensils. They 

 catch sea-cows in pits on the banks of the Orange lliver. They sleep 

 in caves, or more commonly squat among the bushes, from whence 

 their name. They do not associate in any considerable numbers, but 

 wander about in small parties consisting of individuals of one family, 

 or such as meet by chance. The advance of civilisation on all sides 

 of them has had some efFect upon the Bushmen, and many of them 

 are now employed by the colonists of South Africa as guides and 

 domestic servants, in which capacities they are said to behave well 

 and faithfully. A small number of them are said to live in settled 

 habitations on the north of the Orange River. Some of the Bushmen 

 have been brought to profess Christianity. 



BOSMEKE and CLAYDO.N, a hundred in the county of Suffolk, 

 which has been constituted a Poor-Law Union. Bosmere and Claydon 

 hundred is bounded N. by the hundred of Hartismere, N.E. by that 

 of Threadling, E. by the hundred of Carlford, S.E. by the liberty of 

 Ipswich, S. by the hundred of Sampford, W. by that of Cosford, and 

 X. W. by that of Stow. The Poor-Law Union of Bosmere is not exactly 

 co-extensive with the hundred ; it contains 39 parishes and township?, 

 with an area of 58,108 acres, and a population in 1851 of 16,351. The 

 Union workhouse is situated in the parish of Barham, four miles from 



; rcommodation for 500 inmates. 



, A -SI. it A i, or SEKAJEVO, the largest town in the province 

 an Turkey, is situated partly in a plain and partly 

 on the slopes of hills, 135 miles S.W. from Belgrade and 33 miles S.E. 

 from Travnik. The population is estimated variously, some giving it 

 at 40,000 and others at 60,000. The town stands on the Migliask, a 

 of the Bosna. The old walls which encompassed it when it 

 fell into the hands of Prince Eugene in 1 697 are completely decayed, 

 and it is now an open place ; it is defended however by a citadel of 

 rable strength, upon the ramparts of which eighty cannon aro 

 mounted. This citadel is situated some distance to the east of tho 

 town, and is usually occupied by a numerous garrison. Bosna-Serai 

 contains 100 mosques, among which that of (Jhosrem-beg with its 

 clock (a great rarity in Turkish towns) best deserves notice; one serai 

 'e, erected by the sultan Mahmud I., four Christian churches, 

 three monasteries of the Minorite order, a number of medresses or 

 schools, baths, and charitable institutions ; two large bazaars, several 

 market-places, and between 14,000 and 15,000 houses, mostly built of 

 wood, with latticed windows. The town, which covers a large surface, 

 is handsomely built, and has a gay oriental appearance from tho 

 number of minarets and steeples which embellish it. It was formerly 

 the residence of the governors of the province ; but the atrocities 

 committed by one of them drove the inhabitants to revolt, and ho was 

 obliged to flee to Travnik, where his successors have since continued 

 to reside. [BosxiA,] The manufactures of the town comprise arms, 

 copper utensils, iron-ware, woollen and worsted stuffs, morocco-leather, 

 cottons, &c. : there are also several tanneries in the town. Eosna- 

 Serai, being the staple mart for the whole province, is a place of con 

 siderable trade. Upon the promulgation of the Hatti Sherif of Qul 

 Hane", which constitutes the Tan/imat, or reformed constitution of 

 Turkey, the Sipahis of Bosna exasperated by the fiscal regulations 

 of the new system drove from the town the representative of the vizir, 

 who resided hi Travnik, and broke oxtt into open rebellion in defence 

 of their feudal privileges. Upon this the vizir Vcdjihi Pasha col- 

 lected a force of 4000 regular soldiers, and defeated tho revolted begs 

 and sipuais, who were 20,000 strong, at the town of Vitesz. The 

 defeated sipahis shut themselves up in Bosna-Serai, which was block- 

 aded by the vizir and forced to capitulate. 



BOSNIA, properly Boana, the most north-western eyalet or province 

 of Turkey in Europe, extends between 42 40' and 45 20' N. lat., 

 15 50' and 19 30' E. long. It is bounded N. by the Austrian Crown- 

 lands of Croatia and Slavonia, from which it is divided by the Save 

 and the Unna, except at the extreme north-west of the province, 

 which is formed by a moimtounous projection 30 miles long and 15 

 miles wide, extending northward from the Unna to the Upper Kulp:i and 

 the source of thePetrinia. The province is bounded E. by Servia, from 

 which it is divided for a long way by the Drina ; S. by Albania, Mon- 

 tenegro, and Austrian Dalmatia ; and W. by Austrian Dalmatia and 

 Croatia.- The form of the province: is that of an irregular quadrila- 

 teral ; the western side of which, from the Gulf of Cattaro to tho 

 most north-western point of Turkey, in the basin of tho Kulpa, i* 

 230 miles in length : tho eastern side measures about 156 miles; tho 

 northern side, along the Save and the Unna, is 176 miles long ; and 

 the southern side, which is very irregular, measures in a straight line 

 from the Ibar to the Gulf of Cattaro about 120 miles. Tho central 

 part of the province, from the point where the Drina" approaches 

 44 N. lat. to the southern extremity of tho Prologh Mountains, on 

 the western boundary, is only 108 miles broad. Tho area is about 

 24,000 square miles, and the population, according to tho census or 

 estimate of the Turkish government in 1844, was 1,400,000. The 

 province touched the Adriatic at two points nanieiy, at the narrow 



