



Ib* An* of tbe 



ereiotenMd by p 





warfcto,Ban 



vitne*MeMtbar. U UM aaiddb *. UM ominlry wa. uibuiai 

 tiaar. to Heayary. and i till i to Serbia, until Twarkto, 

 Bnssta, a bnUWnvlaw of Lock, ting of Hungary, wa* proeie 



>*>_ k.1^^ ^f Aa^BBBtW B*^ss*W akswt t*nMh4A M WAA taA*^BaSMl la* ' 



Hb wbo.* territory Baern. w** is^y ti.corpoc.tod in 

 110. uo JTMT* after UM oaptaa* of C'nartMrtfamA. The BunUk 

 abb* to enter to retain UMaVeeiporiel r%bteana feudal privilege*. 

 I CkfiattMBfttY fee tliv Kortn, MM om of th* pMcuns 

 llMir exa.uk To UM diflVirnc. created by UM feudal 



an.1 hi. vawl. M 

 of notion, which waa gr 

 of mMiadai and UMJT o 



part of UM Turk** eeuin wee then nob a wide obi 

 . cU uf UM |wpulalion ; and UM biatorjr of 

 smrly fbr otohirw* ucaxnla loaf continued 01 

 Tb. g ..in..Matof th* ia*. 



that 

 d by UM 

 In no other 

 betwwo the 

 Booiia for now 



ttoUM 



UUMp r np.nWic at U* mtorpoatd to protect UM CfartoUan* from 

 UMIT Miib*m.iilai oppnaaoia. win malting UM interference rawed 

 UM eUndard of prruJl. Th. InnmoUoa ** *appre**ed after much 

 aUucbur. la 1M1 vigorou. but nn.uooe.rful effort wai made to 

 daatroy UM por of UM lipahia, and from that time forward the 

 promo* baa been raUl T*TT kUely in a tate of anarchy. In 18S8-9 

 an aiiaaxii governor, VwUihi Pasha, waa aent to Boania, and he 

 eoaaSBanoad bat government by announcing that the Christiana thould 

 l>*ni afi i ail I b* treated a. UM equal* of UM Xuasulmana. The 

 nuliury basp and kapitanl, whoa* omce* had become hereditary, were 

 moored, and civil aorraoU nominated in their room. ThU change 



wa* tret mad* in UM aankk of Banjaluka, but had not yet extended 

 to UM nat of Boania at UM daatb of UM aultan Mahmud-an event 

 wbiob r. anhMtrf the cwurag* and the hope, of the Sipahia. But 

 ' Sherif of Uul llau. ( , containing the 

 itiun of Turkey, and the annoyance 



a* used by UM fecal arriMfimanmi inherent in the new system, drove 

 UM Sipebi* (wbo bed been previously exempt from taxes) to despe- 

 imU-. Tb* npn**BkaUe of UM vixir waa driven from Boana-Seral, 

 UM . uir biBMalf wa. didodged from Travnik and obliged to take 

 i in UM JNMrtnhi* weetwmrd. But bavinc collected the 4000 



UM courage 



UM uromulaprtion of UM Haiti 

 Taanvaael, or iWunuad 





diapanad over UM province he mat the Kijiaiii*, 

 near UM town of VHaa*. and defeated them after a 





amavla, Th 

 aly bkiafcadad 



VHaa*. 

 Th* rabata rvtnmtod to Boana-Serai, which waa 



uded by UM vitir and compelled to anrr. 

 legated or banianed The country waa pacil'n-.i ; 

 . lm wa. not yrt eatebliahe.1, nor were the 



Tb* 6*J burden. Ml chiefly upon the rayaa: the Sipahia, aa 



4on etated, and all Mohammedan, primming property only in 



.wa. paid nothing. Th. tithe, (which were paid upon all mricul- 



toral prodo) and UM cnetom. wen farme.1, and the . 



bnnm, exacting more than their 



paid UM naual pofl-tax. In caw of 



rayaa, 



UM praTtix* UM 



due fn.in tlic 

 of inaurrecti.m in 

 pted from payment to the 

 and aecordingly the feudal chief* had aatrong 

 aa*pte( UM province in a .Ute of revolt. The new ytem 

 eeJd not work well in enob a atat* of thing*. 



! IMS Tabir Paaba waa **nt aa goveruorgoneral to Boania, with 

 toMkeoMgnatefcrttoeetabUahtheTaiuimat Aft.-r 



Man artful tatrigw* to (fleet UM noal of tbto abl* paaha had faile.1, 



I^*.r* kU !!L l> * rt 7 *"*' wrt urto >P *^u< ta Turkuh Croatia 

 b> IM Tb. vuir wbo marched agaiut Uwm to UM Unna waa 

 **** * o*. and retiring to Trarnik died of vexation and 

 lera. Tb* dtan government, then occupied with the affairs of 

 ** *" ."aJS8, took no atep* for UM reduction of the Boaiuak 

 MT Paaba mad* hi. appearan. 



on the hill of Vu 



lebea. IfflAnril ISM, wUn UOMT 





aba* weM n*rer asm in UM nndar army, nor nafam tbeir budai 

 ^*r*">l">m*'T**m*. A\Ko^ka*^,U*yW 

 ^ **^."L** > J d * rt ^ > ' "- ^^^rUToMb. 



eseapt at on* or two point. 



| iMlBlanWMy ,U| MB^tf teaW HtwUnUI ft IJnW 



(F*~i** U~l* a/ (fa CAritfMa Tub M, London, 1 WJ.) 



BO-SPOKU8, often incorrectly written BOSPHOKU8, ia a pun 

 Greek word (B*m**t) : aooording to mythological tra.litU.ti it derive. 

 U name from UM paaaag* of lo over on* of the *trait ao called when 

 aba waa turned into a oow ( Jiach. ' Prom.' 73i); the Boaporua aa thua 

 explained literally e%nifying 'the peeaage of UM cow.' Two atraiU 

 ar* mtirti^t~' by Qraek and Roman writer, under thia name. On* 

 Mtfmee called the faamw/ o/ OnutamtiitopU, in Turkiah Bogkat, 

 onitoiUM IVopontia, or Sea of llarmara, to the Black Sea. Thia 

 row channel waa often called the TbraoUn Boaporua, by way of 

 liitinction from the other ""~^ the Cimmerian. 



The Cimmerian Boaporua, now varioualy named the Strait of Kafla, 

 Tenikale, or Kertaoh, U the narrow paaaaga which connect* the Pallia 

 beotia, or Sea of Axof, with the Black Sea. [AzoF.l A nam> 

 of low and fertile land on the aouth-eaat margin of the T: 

 ooeeiii. the uiodeni Crimiu, formed the anci.-ut kingdom of Hoaporua. 

 t extended about 00 mile* in length, direct diatanoe, from Theotloniii 

 or Theudoaia, now Feodoeia or Koflk, on the weat, to PaatioepMOOl 

 or Boaporua, now Kartech, on the Strait of Ycnikale. Both The 

 and Panticapnum, the capital of tliU lit tin kingdom, had good porta; 

 and between them waa Nymplucum, which alo hn<l a good harbour, 

 'auticajwum waa a Mileaian colony. Bcaidea the territory already 

 leecribed the Oreek king* of Boaponui iXHiaeaiMxl 1'lmnngoria, i..'w 

 1'niutarakan, on the peuitmula of Tiuimii. liii-li foiiiiH the eaBtern 

 aideofthuSi: ml!y tln-y seem to have become 



muter* of the whole Crimea. The quantity of griiiti brought iV-m 

 he Boeporua to Athena waa, acconling to Dfuioathenes ('Contra 

 .i-ptin.') equal to all the corn imported from all other foreign place*. 

 At a Inter date the kingdom of Uosporui formed part of the domi- 

 nion* of the great Mithridates, who la said to have died at 1'autica- 

 xcura. It fell, with all the neighbouring districts, next into the 

 landa of the Koinaiw, who gave it to Pharnacoa, the sou of Mithri- 

 latea. Pharnacea having invaded Pontiu and exercwed great emeltie* 

 oworda the Konrau citiztuu, was attacked by Julius ' 

 lefeated. He Hud to hia kingdom of Bosporus v.!,. i lie waa 

 nnneditcly murdered, and hia throne wag givru by the dictator to 

 Mitliriduies of Porgamum (about B.C. 47). Thin kingdom of Bosporus 

 continued under the Roman emperors, but is only known to n from 

 he occasional interference of the Cicsars in the noinin.it ion of a king, 

 or in attempts to restore tranquillity. (Tacit. ' Aunal.' xii. 1 

 I race of half Qreek, half l>; ilinned to POKMCHA the 



'riinea and the neigbbotiriug coosU of the Hl.ick Soa at leant to the 

 .hue of the Aiitoniues, and the kingdom of Bosporus almost survived 

 he Kotimn empire, and only rx.jm.-d under the ruvu^ex of the Huns. 

 The TliKichn lioaponis is about 17 miK -< in length, ami at its nar- 

 rowest part about 600 yards across. The general breadth varies from 

 '00 to 1000 yards; opposite the Gate of the Seraglio, ii i-.pl.-, 



>ds to 1640 yards. It has been often stated (at'u>r 1'liny) that the 

 opposite shores of the strait are within range of tin- human voice, and 

 .h.it from either shore the birds can be heard to .sine : >"<1 the dogs to 

 ark i.n the other; but the atatemant to avery questionable one, altl 

 ,he human voice at shouting pitch may some! : ps be made 



:. bound across the strait. It is supposed that the Bosporus has 

 wen formed by volcanic agency. The rocks on each side consist 

 of trachyte, or trechytio conglomerate, protruding through l:i 

 r oHHiliferous limestone: they contain copper and aiv th. i\ lore of a 

 rreeninh colour. The strait is divided into H.-\ ! >^i\ !_> 



aa many prouiontoriea, the projections on one side having a corro- 

 s|H.ndin^ indentation on the op|Kite coast The current take* a 

 different direction in each of the seven reaches, and there are corre- 

 H]K.nding counter-currents in one half of the chanm-1. 

 (Strabo; KtLOU\-Hixheiie,Aiitii/uiii't 



/ri 



..VX A,' Cornwall, a borough and in 



town in the pariah of Tintagel and hundred of Lesnewth, situated on 

 the coast, in 60 40' N. lot, 4 42' W. long., distant 25 miles N. from 

 Itodmiu, and 231 miles W. by S. from London. The population of 

 th* pariah of Tintagel in 1851 was 1084, of which immUr li- 

 the luunlot of Boasiney does not contain a tenth part. The living is 

 a vicarage in the archdeaconry of Cornwall and diocese of Exeter. 



Th* borough of Bossiney extends over a great part of the parish of 

 Tintagel, and comprises about 350 Eiiglixh acres. The . 

 had a charter from Richard, earl of Cornwall, brother of II, my III. 

 Boauner enjoyed the elective franchise from the reign of Edward VI. 

 until th* pawing of the Reform Act, when it hised. 



Buaaiury has a market on Thursday, and a fair, which is HOW held at 

 Trevenna, principally for horned cattle, on the first Monday after the 

 bth of October. The town-hall is chiefly used as a school Tintagel 

 ha* become frequented aa a watering-place, for which it i well 

 adapted. Tli.- locality .ia very healthy. The scenery of the coast ia 

 exceedingly wild and picturesque. Bossiney is situated on a wild 

 bleak |rt of the northern coast of Cornwall; but the town appears 

 formerly to have been of aome importance. 



Near this place to the castle of Tintagel, supposed to have been the 



lac* of the famous King Arthur. Built on a hi<:h rock that 



U out into the sea, by which it is nearly surrounded, this caBtle 



it have been a plao ,able strength. In Leland's tin,, a 



chapel aeema to have occupied part of the site of the kr.-p, wl.ich he 



calls the dungeon of St. Ulcttc, alias Ulionnc. The church of 



