. . N ' S ! i.'i 



BRANDENBURG. 







_ at a wid* and wearisome 

 lakea. maay of UMD lying in 

 of enaarlatarils winy. Although 

 leland. v*t the surface U didlgured 

 which 



by maay eiteaaive heath, aad moon, which are a colleetioa of drift 

 \Ueuhrva4inofwWchs^bam*dth*utOK*eflbrtoofindu^ry. 

 of BreaJsaborg ts temperate, but exceedingly variable 



"T of eold fa'mdforted'by?*' below freezing point There' 

 are about 210 dear dry days and 155 damp aad rainy days in the 



Ta* Bit travena* th* north-west of Brandenburg from Sandau to 

 Me*** aad rente* oa it* right bank th* Havel, Btopnito. and Elde. 

 The tneta of had lower than its surface, which abound in this 

 in, ar* protected from inundation by dyke*. Th* Hard, which 

 is a channel for the eflhu of the Boblitz and other small lakes in 



Mecklenburg-StreliU. become* navigable at Funteaberg, below which 

 pearl H eaters Brandenburg; it then flows southward to Spaudau ; 

 and taaao* taking a westerly direction through Potedam and the town 

 ef Brandenburg. H turn* to the north-west at Plauen, where it is 

 joined by the canal of that name, skirto Rathenau and Havelberg, 

 aad frOs into the Elbe by two arms, between Havelort and Quitzobel. 

 It pases* through a low tract of country, in which sand, woodlands, 

 aad uaHuieuuunil* alternate : it* width at Oranienburg U 100 feet, 

 and at Spandau WOO feet, in consequence of panting through several 

 below Brandenburg it narrows again to 200 feet, and at its 

 to 500 feet A branch of it strikes off at Branden- 

 burg and low* into Lake Planen. The Strpit* rise* on the Mecklen- 

 burg frontier, and flows peat Meyenburg and Perieberg until it reaches 

 WHtenberge, where it fall, into the Elbe. The Bde issues from Lake 

 Pinna, and forms th* boundary-line between Brandenburg and 

 Mecklenburg, until it joins the Elbe near Domito in Mecklenburg. 

 The principal tributary of the Havel is the Sprte, which comes down 

 from the Lusatian Mountains, and passes through Bautzen (north of 

 which H enters Brandenburg), Kottbus, and Berlin in its course 

 towards the Havel, into which it falls at Spandau. The Spree is 100 

 test bread where H ia joined by the Muhlrose Canal (which connects it 

 with the Oder), and about 200 feet at Berlin, and it is navigable from 

 latt The Rhin and Doase, which rise on the borders of Meek- 

 , are also tributaries of th* Havel, and useful for floating 

 rafto aad timber. The east of the province is drained by the Oder, 

 which leaves the SiUeian territory and enters the province a little south 

 of ftollirnan, wind* north westward past Croasen, Frankfurt, and 

 Klwtrin ; quite Brandenburg to the north of Schwedt, above which 

 it tarns north by east, and enters the province of Pomerania. From 

 Ktvtrin north ward it divides into several branches, and forms a suc- 

 ii lid IB of island*. About twenty miles below Kustriu it separates 

 iato two Urge anna, of which the eastern is the more considerable ; 

 this arm, called the New Oder, rejoins the western arm or Old Oder 

 Berth of FreWnwalde, aad fa connected by a canal also with the Old 

 Oder at a point lower down to the south of Hohensteten, near which 

 aUo a canal run* westward from the Oder to the Havel. Lowlands 

 eeeapy a space above twenty mile* in breadth between these two 

 arms, aad nearly the whole line of the Oder below Frankfurt is 

 aoamleil oa each bank by meadows and lowlands which are dyked in 

 at many point*. Th* lowlands along th* Oder are occasionally skirted 

 by high (round hi the neighbourhood of Frankfurt and Freienwalde. 

 There ar* bridges across th* Oder at Crossen, Frankfurt, Kustrin, and 

 rYefaawalde. The chief feeders of the Oder in Brandenburg are the 

 fletW, which dsermidlng from Silesia enters Brandenburg at Naum- 

 brt aad tow* north-west to Crossed, whore it joins the Oder ; it* 

 baaks an flat, and the pasturage-grounds about it subject to inunda- 

 tions : the jVrfsw. which also descend, from Silesia, enters the pro- 

 vince below Moakaa, pursues a northerly course to Ouben, and falls 

 iato the Oder abort fifteen mile, west of Croasen; the lands along ito 

 ar* low meadow (rounds ; it ia navigable from Ouben down- 

 . and (net quantities of fruit ar* sent by it to Berlin. The 

 * eaten Braodeabun from the province of Posen, where H is 

 feet bread, patem Laadeberg on ito right beak, and flow* south- 



west taroecb lar marshy district, of Warthabrnch to Kustrin, where it 

 widsea to 400 fast, aad fa received by the Oder. U fa navigable along ito 

 waoU Im. ia tafa province, and meet of the lowlands upon ito bank* 

 Iswe been broofkt under eoKivatton. There are several smaller rivers 

 m the provtao* which ar* unaful for commercial or manufacturing 

 Ta*eopefa*oiU*,airftafaUmtheweteiMur*in 

 IM * hniisiilili, a* to ooeasion the formation of a 

 ,1 ,,& ..k., ,, wrf| th, o^srflowing of large tract, of 

 ir tae riven. 

 The Phasa Ceaal in an its Brandenburg aad the Havel with the 



which lie* brtween" the 

 Havel at Oranwoburg; 



by the Fmow 



""te- 



. are many 



fa arooh favoured by the 



exist* between the Elbe, the Oder, and 



the Vistula : this is fleeted by the line of the Wartha which falls 

 into the Oder, by the flowing of the Netze into the Wartha, and by 

 th* connection of the Netoe and Vistula through the Bromsberg Canal 

 Thar* ar* a few mineral springs in the province, but only two of any 

 note that of Froeowalde and another near Berlin. 



The principal productions of the province are corn of all descrip- 

 tions, besides buck-wheat, vegetables and fruit, hay and 

 flax, hemp, tobacco, a little bad wine, timber, the common domestic 

 animals, game, fish, honey and wax, bog-iron, oosls, lime, gyi 

 peat, and potter's clay. 



The majority of the inhabitants are of German descent ; some are 

 aleo of Wend extraction, and not a few of French. Most of the 

 French are settled iu Berlin ; the Wend colonists, in number about 

 190,000, reside in Luaatia, the bailiwicks of Senftenberg and K 

 walde, and the circle of Kottbus in the New Mark ; aud i 

 parU there are Herrnhuthers and Mennonites, particularly at Berlin. 



It has been estimated that the number of acres in Brandenburg 

 under cultivation is about 7,000,000. Potatoes as well as other 

 vegetables are raised in abundance, and the quantity of laud employed 

 as garden-ground U said to be 63,000 acres. More flax ia produced 

 than is sufficient for domestic consumption, but hemp i <>f limit. ! 

 cultivation. The crops of fruit are not adequate to supply the di'in:md. 

 Th* woods and forests are estimated to cover 3,300,000 acres ; the 

 sandy eminences and plains produce mostly firs and pines, but there 

 are forests of oaks which yield a very superior description of *lii]i- 

 timber ; the largest tracts of woodland lie in the districts north of 

 the Wartha and Netze, in the New and Ucker Marks, and the south, rn 

 and western district* of Brandenburg. Considerable quantities of tar 

 and potashes are manufactured. 



Orea* attention is paid to the rearing of cattle ; the most thriving 

 branch is sheep-breeding. The wool produced in the New Mark, thu 

 flocks of which constitute about one-third of the whole stock, i con- 

 sidered the finest in the Prussian dominions. Until of late years tho 

 breed of horses was but indifferent ; much has however been done 

 to improve it, both by the government and private individuals. 

 The total number of sheep in the province exceeds two millimis 

 and a hah'. The greatest number of honied cattle are bred on the 

 reclaimed grounds and in the marshes along the rivers, but the breed 

 is indifferent and small in size. Swine are not reared in any consider- 

 able numbers; in 1801 they consisted of 298,189 heads, and in 1 vJI 

 li.l not exceed 187,187. Much honey aud wax U produced, pnrti- 

 cularly in the six Lusatian circles, the heaths of which afford alMin- 

 dance of flowers for the bee. The inland consumption U amply provided 

 with fish, especially eels and crabs, but none ore exported ; and the 

 woods and forests abound in game. 



Brandenburg no us. ens as considerable manufactures. The woollen 

 manufactures, which are the most important, are established in most 

 of the towns in the Old and New Marks and in Berlin. T!.- manu- 

 facture of linens, chiefly of the middling and coarser sorts, is exten- 

 sively carried on in the Lusatian districts and the circle of Frankfurt ; 

 that of silks and cottons is mostly confined to Berlin. There are 

 large tanneries in several quarters, particularly in Kottbus aud .<tl,. r 

 towns in the circle of Frankfurt. Tobacco manufactories exist in 

 most of the towns. Iron and steel ware and cast-iron goods are prin- 

 cipally manufactured at Berlin. [BERLIN.] There are also iron 

 smeltmg-furnacea, and their industrial products are plate-glass, porce- 

 lain, and earthenware ; copper foundries, paper mills, gunpowder 

 mills, and distilleries of spirits from potatoes, grain, *c, 



The trade of Brandenburg is greatly favoured by the tmiltitu 

 it* navigable rivers and canals. Tho main ontli-t- of this trade are 

 through Hamburgh by the Elbe, and through Stettin by the Oiler. 

 Berlin is the great centre of commercial enterprise ; and next in 

 importance to it is Frankfurt on the Oder, the fairs of which are etill 

 of considerable magnitude. Brandenburg, Ouben, Havelberg, K unlr i n , 

 Landsbrrg, Potsdam, Prenxlau, Rathenau, and Ziillichau are also 

 place* of considerable trade. The province is traversed by several 

 railroads which radiate from Berlin, and connect that city wit It St-et t in ; 

 with Frankfurt, Ouben, and Breslau ; with the small Saxon states ; 

 with Leipzig and Dresden ; with Potodam, Brandenburg, Magdeburg, 

 Hanover, and the Rhine ; and with Hamburgh. 



Brandenburg is divided into two circles, Potodam and Frankfurt. 

 It is governed by a chief president, whose authority also extends over 

 ecclesiastical matters, all establishments for education, the board* of 

 medicine, military and civil works, and the department of null*. 

 Brandenburg forms the third Military Division of Prussia; the fifth 

 and sixth divisions (forming the 3rd corps) of the Prussian army, 

 have their respective head-quarters at Frankfurt and the city <<t' 

 Brandenburg. 



The circle of Potodam covers an area of 8128 square miles. The 

 chief towns are : BKRU,M, POTSDAM, BBANDENBUHO. AngermUnde, 

 a small town of 4500 inhabitants, is situated on lake Munde, 

 41 mile* X. N.K. from Berlin by the Berlin Stfttin railroad, on 

 which it is a station. The town is the capital of a circle of the same 

 ruune ia th* government of Potsdam. Its manufactures are hats, 

 woollen-stuffs, linen, and tobacco. Charlottenburg, on the Spree, 

 within a mile ( Berlin, to which it is joined by a fine wide avenue 

 i with lamps; it contains a nival palace and a magniln<nt 

 park, in which is the mausoleum of Queen Louisa, who died in Ibid : 



