BRANDENBURG. 



BRAZIL. 



90 



the population is above 7000. Luckenwalde on the Nuthe, manufac- 

 tures linen, woollen-stuffs, leather, scythes, arms, beer, spirits, &c., 

 and has a population of 6300. Prenzlau on the Ucker (which rises 

 in the Ucker-see and falls into the Stettiner-Haff) has some woollen 

 factories, a good trade in corn, a gymnasium, and a population of 

 11,000. Rathennu. on the Havel, 45 miles W. from Berlin, consists 

 of an old town girt with walls, and a new town. The population 

 amounts to 5500, and the industrial products comprise woollens, 

 cotton, linen, leather, and optical instruments. Neu-Ruppin on the 

 Ruppin-see, which communicates with the Havel and the Elbe by 

 means of the Rhin and several canals ; the town is well built, contains 

 a gymnasium, several linen factories, breweries, and a population of 

 10,000. Schwedt on the Oder, has a royal palace, starch, leather, and 

 tobacco factories, and has a population of 7000. Spandau, at the 

 influx of the Spree into the Havel, is strongly fortified ; the citadel is 

 built on an island in the Havel. The town is entered by nine gates ; 

 it contains four churches, an hospital, house of correction, and a 

 manufactory of arms: woollens, linens, silks, pottery, beer, spirits, 

 and leather, are the principal manufactures. The situation of this 

 town on two navigable rivers, and on the railroad from Berlin to 

 Hamburgh, makes it a place of considerable trade : population, 6800. 

 WMttock, at the junction of the Qlinz and the Douse, has numerous 

 woollen and linen factories, and a population of 6200. Wrietzen, a 

 walled town, 33 miles E. from Berlin, not far from the Oder, has a 

 population of 6000, who manufacture broadcloth, woollen hosiery, 

 tobacco, and leather. 



The circle of Frankfurt contains 7406 square miles. The principal 

 town is FRANKFURT, (rubtn, a walled town on the Neis/e, has a lyceum, 

 manufactures of leather, woollen cloths, linen, hosiery, worsted yarn, 

 and several water-mills, copper foundries, and a market for wool and 

 cattle : population, 9800. Kimvjtberg on the Rorike, a feeder of the 

 Oder, contains a gymnasium, woollen and starch factories, tanneries, 

 spirit distilleries, and a population of above 5000. Kottbui on the 

 Spree, has a gymnasium, woollen and linen factories, white-beer 

 breweries, and a population of 8316. It is defended by walls, outside 

 of which are several suburbs. The town contains a royal palace, a 

 college, and an orphan asylum. Kiixtrin is a strong fortress at the 

 junction of the Wartha with the Oder, which is here crossed by a 

 long wooden bridge. The manufactures of this town consist of 

 woollens, hosiery, starch, brandy, and beer ; it contains two churches, 

 a gymnasium, an hospital, a bridewell, and a population of 6500. The 

 French took Kustrin in 1806. Landtbtrg, a walled town on the Wartha, 

 which has an orphan-house, a house of correction, wherein the inmates 

 are instructed in the woollen manufactures, several spirit distilleries, 

 paper-mills, tan-yards, a large corn and wool market, and a popula- 

 tion of 11,500. Near this town, in the village of Vietze, are extensive 

 iron-works belonging to the government. 



BRANDENBURG, a town in the Prussian province of Branden- 

 burg, stands in 52 30' N. lat, 12 32' E. long., at a distance of 38 

 miles W. by 8. from Berlin by the railroad from Berlin to Magdeburg, 

 and has a population of 17,000. It is situated upon the Havel, which 

 divides the old from the new town ; an island lies between them, on which 

 stand the castle, cathedral church, and equestrian college. Between 

 these two quarters of the town lies a swampy district, which, from 

 the houses being built upon piles, is culled Venice. Each town is 

 surrounded by a wall, but the new town has a rampart in addition. 

 The old town has five gates, besides a smaller outlet for foot passen- 

 gers, and the new town four gates : the streets in the old town are 

 narrow and crooked, but in the new town broad and straight. Bran- 

 denburg contains* eight churches, a court of justice, a gymnasium, 

 and several schools. On the island stands a cathedral of the 14th 

 century and some other buildings of that date. The manufactures 

 comprise broadcloth, linen, hosiery, paper, beer, leather, Ac. Boats are 

 built, and there is an active transit trade. Brandenburg was once the 

 capital of the electorate of Brandenburg. 



BRANDENBURG, ELECTORATE OF. The first known inha- 

 bitants of this province were the Suevi, a very warlike tribe. When 

 the Sucvi and the Longobardi invaded Italy in the decline of the 

 Roman power, the Slavonians invaded and settled in Brandenburg. 

 The Slavonians and the Franks subsequently contended for the posses- 

 sion of Brandenburg. In 789 it fell into the power of Charlemagne, 

 under whom and his successors Brandenburg was governed by counts 

 under the empire. Many contests took place between the Slavonians and 

 their Frankish conquerors. In 1144 Albert, count of Anhalt, became 

 the first margrav eof Brandenburg. His line lasted till 1320, from 

 which date till 1417 Brandenburg was in a state of anarchy. Frederick 

 of Niirnberg was made elector of Brandenburg in 1417; and being a 

 prince of ability he laid the foundation for the future prosperity of 

 his dominion. Most of his successors ruled with judgment. Joachim 

 II. introduced the reformed religion into Brandenburg in 1535. No 

 interruption of the line took place until 1618, when the duchy of 

 Prussia came into the same hands as the electorate of Brandenburg. 

 From this date the history of the latter merges into that of the present 

 kingdom f 1'rnnnia. [ PRUSSIA.] 



BRANIiKNIll Hi!, NEW. [MECKI.ENBUBO.] 



BRA N I >ON, Suffolk, a market-town in the parish of Brandon and 

 hundred of Lackford, stands on both sides of the Little Ouse, or Bran- 

 don River, which here divides the counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, in 



52' 26' N. lat, 37' E. long., 43 miles N.W. by N. from Ipswich, 78 

 miles N.N.E. from London by road, and 88J miles by the Eastern 

 Counties railway : the population of the town in 1851 was 2022. 

 The living is a rectory in the archdeaconry of Sudbury and diocese of 

 Ely. The church has a Norman porch, and some other ancient por- 

 tions. The Wesleyan and Primitive Methodists have chapels. The 

 Free Grammar school, founded in 1646, has an income from endow- 

 ment of 541. a year, and had 20 scholars in 1852. There is a National 

 school. The town possesses almshouses and other charities. The 

 making of gun-flints is carried on to a small extent. There is a con- 

 siderable trade in corn, malt, and timber. Thursday is the market- 

 day. Fairsareheld on February 14th, Junellth, and November llth. 



BRANDYWINE RIVER. [PENNSYLVANIA.] 



BRAUNSBERG, in the government of Kcinigsberg, province of 

 East Prussia, is a walled town on the Passarge, about five miles 

 above its mouth in the Frische-Haff, 389 miles by railway N.E. from 

 Berlin, in 54 19' N. lat., and 19 54' E. long., and has about 8500 

 inhabitants. It is divided by the river into the old and new towns. 

 The Roman Catholic bishop of Ermeland has his residence here : the 

 old castle is used in part for public offices. Braunsberg possesses a 

 college, with faculties of Roman Catholic divinity and philosophy, a 

 Roman Catholic gymnasium and theological seminary, a normal 

 training-school, four Roman Catholic churches, one Protestant church, 

 and three hospitals. Woollens, linens, and leather are manufactured. 

 The trade of the town consists principally in yarn, ship-timber, 

 and grain. The Passarge is navigable from Braunsberg to its mouth. 

 Braunsberg is the birthplace of Baron Trenck. A little to the west of 

 it is Frauenbury, on the Frische-Haff, at the foot of a hill (the Dom- 

 berg), on which the cathedral of the diocese of Ermeland and the 

 residences of the members of the diocesan chapter are situated. It is 

 an open town, with a population of 2400. Copernicus, who was a 

 member of the chapter, and who died here in 1545, was buried in the 

 cathedral. There are several memorials of him in the town. 



BRAVA. [CAPE VERDE ISLANDS.] 



BRAY. [BERKSHIRE.] 



BRAY. [WICKLOW.] 



BRAZIL, Empire of, comprehends the eastern portion of South 

 America. Its most northern point, at the sources of the Rio Branco, 

 nearly reaches 5 N. lat. ; and the mouth of the Rio Oayapock, 

 which divides it from French Guyana, extends nearly as far north. 

 The most southern boundary-line cuts the Lake of Mirim, in 32 30' 

 S. lat The most eastern projection, Cape Augustinho, is in nearly 

 35 W. long. Brazil extends west to the river Hyabary or Yavari, 

 where its boundary-line falls in unknown countries, and probably 

 passes 70 W. long. Its vast extent brings it in contact with all the 

 countries of South America, except Chili and Patagonia. At its 

 southern extremity it borders on the republics of Uruguay, Paraguay, 

 and Corrientes, one of the members of the Argentine Confederation. 

 It is bounded W. by Bolivia ; N.W. by Peru and Ecuador ; N. by 

 British Guyana, Dutch Guyana, and French Guyana, or Cayenne. 

 On the N.E. and E. Brazil is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean. 



Area, Surface, <tc. The empire of Brazil extends about 2600 miles 

 from north to south, and 2400 miles from east to west ; its surface is 

 variously estimated at from 2,500,000 to 2,750,000 square miles, or 

 even more ; an area above twelve times as large as that of Franco. 

 The following table shows the provinces into which it is divided with 

 the area and population of each, according to the latest and most 

 trustworthy estimates ; but it must be borne in mind that all the 

 estimates hitherto published are very vague, and difficult to reconcile 

 with each other ; they must therefore be regarded only as rough 

 approximations : 



The coast, which is probably little short of 4000 miles, presents 

 various appearances. From Cape S. Maria in Uruguay to the Morro 

 de S. Marta (about 31 8. lat.), an extent of upwards of 300 miles, 

 the coast is low, sandy, and intersected by the outlets of numerous 



