1 WAX II.. 



akirt th* abort* in all thi. uteat in which it trend* 

 _ *** to aria-***. At th* Morro d & Mart** when 

 i to UM Mrth. it b*gi* to be rocky, bat rim only to any eon- 

 bU height to th. north of UM Maud of a C.thwina. Prom 

 bad of~& Fraaoasoo it trmds to UM north^ut, and from the 

 of 8aato* to Cap* Fife H HUM nearly due wit ; and th*oo* 

 to UM Bay of Eapirito Santo north-ead In all thi* citrnt of nearly 

 1000 mik*. UM eoaat ia rooky, and in MM parta imthar high ; it ha. 

 a gna* numow of MtatttiiTtM awl torn* good harbours, generally 

 amadd by ata of modwata Mtont. Th* mo*t rocky and high*** 

 part it Utwaatl Santo* and Capa Prio. 



. to Bahia de Todoa 01 Santo*, about 

 id are in general 

 Rio DOM and 



th* small riv*r Baraahon ; to UM north of UM lattar it is somewhat 

 higMr. (mt g*o*rally Uv*l ; towarda Cap* & Antonio it sinks lower. 

 AJotw thi. enaet, in about 18* S. lat. .1 distance of from 25 to 50 

 Da.; atoadth. rocky bank, of the Abrolho. ; th* coasting ve-els 

 ootamotjy pat* b*tw**> UMB* MM! UM ahona. 



Tb* MM** of UM tattem projection of Brazil from Cape S. An- 

 toaio Marly to UM month of the nrcr Paroahybe about 800 mile*, are 

 of odaratt height, ruing hardly anywhere above 30 feet, but they 

 no barboara, ucwpt tboM formed by th* moutha of the riven. 

 of UM than, from UM mouth 



From UM B of bpirito State to Bahi* d* Todo* os 

 00 taOaa. th* ahon* axtosd Mart/ (oath uut north, and 

 law and Wv.1. itB.iri.lly b*tw*o the mouth of the f 



Th*r*neatd*r of UM than, from UM mouth of the Parnahyba to that 

 of th* Anvni-n . i* extremely low and marmhy, a few sandy hilla ruing 

 on it at great diataaot* apart In 11 thin extent of about 700 miles 

 thm an- few harbour*. 



To th* north of UM Rio Amaaonan the ooait it rather sandy and 

 aotJMtJutt higher, though of incooaiderable elevation. Some parta 

 an tubjtct to a tudden riat of the see at spring tides, which phe- 

 BooMaon ia called pororoea. This coaat extends about 400 miles. 



The sorbet of Brazil ia divided between upland and lowland, 

 which probably occupy nearly equal portions, the upland extending 

 over the eaatirn and central part, and the lowlands principally along 

 both aid** of the Rio Amazonaa, with a smaller portion on the 

 akorea, and on th* aonth-weat border. 



High nmmtBhrr advance nearly to the shore* between the Bay of 

 tittos and Cape Prio. This range, the higher summit* of which 

 art hardly anywhere nor* than 20 miles from the coast, is called 

 Sarra do Mar (the Sea Range). The highest summit* rise to about 3500 

 fact, and the pastas over this range to from 2000 to 2500 feet Thin 

 rang* continue* to the aoutb, but couth of the Bay of Santos it 

 rtotdes to about CO or 80 miles from the coast It is here occasion- 

 ally called Sarra Cnbatlo. and runs first south-west and then south, 

 to a jnint opposite th* MOTTO dt & Mart*, where at the sources of 

 n west, and advancing in that direction about 



100 milea. terminate, on UM banks of the Rio Uruguay to the north 

 of UM junction of th* Ibecuy-guayu with it From the south side 

 of this west chain aa elevated table-land of moderate height extend* 

 oath bttmtu UM river Uruguay and th* shore*, and continues in 

 t'rogday Oriental, where it terminates near the vsst mouth of the 

 Bio d. b Plate, with th* Punta Negra and Cape de S. Maria. A few 

 low hill* rue upon it This table-land may b* considered as the most 

 aouthrrn and narroweat portion of the upland of Brazil 



AaoU>*r and higher range of mountains run* nearly parallel to the 

 Herra do Mar, at a distance of about 40 or 00 mile* from the sea. 

 It baguu to the north weat of the town of & Paulo, where it is 

 Herra d* laragua, and advancing thence to the north-east it 

 m higher, and is called Serra da Mantigueira. It afterwards 

 north, an. I continue* in that direction to the town of < lur.i 

 Proto, whar* H may be considered to terminate with Mount Itoco- 

 lumi, being divided from UM rang* extending farther to the north by 

 d**p bat Barrow depression, ft contain, the highest mountains of 

 nVvcO, which art tUmliil where it begin* to run due north between 

 UM a* are*. of th. KM Grande, UM principal branch of the Parana, 

 aad UM Kio Pnto, a small tributary of the Pamabyba. The Pico 

 *>*Ol*P< riat* to 7700 Cast, the Morro de Papagaio to 7400 feet, 

 and aajtUltr attauaH to 7800 feot Th* Itecoliimi i* 000 feet high. 

 Th* r acnaw On* chain rUe to upwards of SOOO feet 



to* north of Ouro Pnto UM chain hen called. Serra E*pinhaco 

 fata rt and utrttoat. to UM north, declining by degree* m.me 



d ^f T* M * "* "" Unki ?* &Fraacxoo, 

 which bnak. through UM chain, wber* it form. UM cataract called 

 Catanain (fafl) d* fato A0bnao. It U of ooaAUrabU height in its 

 wtta part, bat do** Dot etUin that of UM Serra Mantig3.ira ; ite 

 W^tBt mm.t. th. ItamM, Mar Cidad* do Brno, itewb to th. 

 At*f UM IteolumL tn proe^ding Mtth it rink, 

 **>d hardly any mmmtl hi UM provin*. of Bahia 



*&: *?-?*"** 1 ofc * 

 raJry l0 mOm turn UM eotal, bat ite ofl 



H WftMsl awO 



It btffaM 



- 



in MOM pUow approach 



ortk ef UM git** catorart of AKwto UM mounteina, osIUd here 

 flmm Ararip* or dos Oavriris rit* .gun to a eooaiderahU *l*v.Uon, 

 sa^<btmutt.t*rat^-aiat.stfeUl^of n r M MtdbUItent 

 koh tvrtml raagv* of high hill, an d*tached to UM Mt tad 

 *JM of which lrmil**ti at M. gnat dlttone* from th* *hon 

 UM Mo & FfMotMo an.) tb. Rio Parnahyba. Th* most 

 bU of UMS* html r*Bf*t an UM Rrra Bortorfoa, which 



tonaratt* the province of Rio Grande do Norte from Unit of CVari, 

 and th* Serra Ibiapaba, which ooMtitute* the boundary between 

 Gear* and Piauhy. 



From ite aouth-weat oorner a mountain rang* of moderate elevation 

 run* south-went along the Rio a Francesco, and then west to the 

 aourost of the Rio Parnahyba, where it turn* north, and running in 

 that direction at a distance of from 40 to 60 miles from tl 

 Tooantins, terminate* with a range of low hilla at about 180 mile* 

 above th* month of that river. Between the Sertfto of Pemambnoo 

 and the province of Piauhy the paste* rise to between 1200 and 

 1800 feet above the tea. 



To th* weat of the range running north and south, and to that 

 of the Serra* Knpinhaco, da Mantigueira, and de Cubatao extrnds 

 the upland of Brazil far into the interior of South America, but it 

 grow* narrower a* it runt west Ite northern boundary is indicated 

 by th* falls in the rivers which carry their waters to the Rio 

 Amaxonas. Then waterfalls occur in the Tocantus, at about 3 30' 

 in the Xingu, at about 4 20' in th* Tapajo* south of 5 S. lat, and in 

 UM Madeira south of 8 8. lat : a line drawn through these point* 

 separates the lowlands of the Rio Amazonas from the upland of 

 Brazil On the south it extends to the Rio Iguamu. This extennive 

 space i* properly a table-land of considerable elevation, but of an 

 uneven surface. The mountain range* which traverse it rise only to 

 a comparatively small height above the plain. 



The highest portion of the table-land seems to lie contiguous to 

 the range of mountains which divides the upper branches of the Rio 

 S. Francesco and of the affluent* of the Rio Amasonas from thorn 

 which fall into the Parani and Paraguay. This extensive range, 

 which ha* been named Serra dos Vertentos (the watershed range), 

 begins about 60 miles south of Villa Rica, at the Serra da Mantigtu-ira, 

 between the sources of the Paraopeba, an upper branch of the Kin 

 S. Francesco and the Rio Grande, an affluent <>f the Paranft (about 

 20* 30' S. lat). It frequently changes its direction and make* 

 numerous bends, butrunn in general to the north-west and terminates 

 at some distance from the confluence of the Mamore' and Beni (about 

 11 S. lat). In different districts it has different names. Between 

 the source* of the Rio Francesco and the Rio Grande it is called 

 Serra Canestra and Serra Marcella, and at the sources of the Tocantint 

 Serra dos Pyrineos. These, the highest portion of the Serra dos 

 Vertentea, rise to 3500 feet and upwards. The ranges farther to the 

 west are lower. The Serra Seiada divides the upper branches of 

 the Araguay, a tributary of the Tocantini, from those of the Pardo, 

 a confluent of the Paranrf ; and the Serra dos Faricis, the Tapaioa 

 from the Paraguay ; and the north-west branch of the latter the Tapajoa 

 from the GuaporiS. The latter ranges probably IKVIT attain 

 3000 feet At the place where the Serra Paricis turns to the mirth 

 it sends off a branch culled Serra Agoapehy to the south-south-west, 

 which, after n course of about 180 miles, terminate* in the plains of 

 Chi<]uitos in Bolivia. 



That portion of Brazil which lying to the south of the Serra dos 

 Verteutes bonier* on tl< .-( . -u the Serra Agoapehy, and on the 

 east on the Serra Cubatao, is divided into two portions by a rango 

 of height* extending between 52 mid :"> K. long, from the Sorra 

 Seiada southward between the affluent* of the Paraguay and Par-ami. 

 The country to the east of this range is the high table-land <if UK- 

 Parana^ that to the west the lowland of the Paraguay. 



The lowland of the Paraguay, with the exception of the rather 

 ni|>id descent of the inclosing mountains and a few hills or 

 range* m the interior of the plain, presents nearly u 1. M-] ,-..imtr\, 

 which decline* imperceptibly towarda the banks of the rivor 

 guay, where it terminates in swampy flat* many miles wide. Near 

 the river* it is covered with high trees, liut the intervening space* 

 are graiwy plains of considerable extent, here and there ini.-n -iipt.-d 

 by barren tracts. This immense plain, wliicli. tl. >.iuli -iin (. .1 in the 

 centre of America, hardly attains an elevation of 1000 feet, is 

 extremely hot and subject to long-continued droughts, which cause 

 groat mortality among men and cattle. The rains commonly begin 

 at the end of October, and continue to April or May. They are 

 accompanied by violent thunder-storms, and most abundant rains 

 toward* the end of the season, when they cause the riven to over- 

 flow the adjacent low-grounds. 



The principal river, and that which is the receptacle of nil the 

 waters collected in this plain, the Paraguay, rises on the top of Mi" 

 Serra Paricia in the Sete Lagoaa (Seven Lakes), which are at n 

 distance apart, and communicate by narrow channel*. Issuing IY<>m 

 the last of these lakes the river flows through a swampy country in 

 a north direction for a short space, when it wind* round by the weat 

 and takes a south course. It descends from the range with s rapid 

 course, receiving from the east and west a great number of small 

 itreams, until it arrive* in the plain, about 160 mile* from ite source : 

 but ite course still farther down i* broken in some places by low 

 falls, which however cease at its confluence with the Sipotuha, its 

 Ant considerable tributary, which joins it on the right bank. From 

 this point ite water* are deep, and navigable for vessels of onmderable 

 size. Farther down it receive* on the right tin- .l.iun'i, winch likewise 

 rise* in th* Sarra Paricia, and at about the middle of ite course is 

 j'.inod by the Agoapehy, which originate* in the Serra Agoapehy. 

 Opposite UM confluence of th* Jauru U a range of elevated land, 



