Ill 



BRA/I I. 



IU 



r of Brawl IB form it i* compact: it ha* *U churebaa, on* or 

 Mo of which an wry band*om* ; UM pake, of the provincial govern- 

 BMt. a vnaciau* *nd Wfll built olince; a college, and other public 

 flitldli . and *aw of the private boUM* are of a superior clan. 

 In UM vtemtty i* a botanio garden, in which several acre, are devoted 

 to UM Moowfol cultivati jo of the tea plant. ifar,aM. at no great 

 <**. fcrther to UM**M.hM*.woooaidmbl.mine.iniUneigh- 

 bowhood, and 5000 mhabitanu. but ha. little buone*. It contain* 

 ih. rMdoo. of th. bUbop and a tbJo^cal college. & Jo* dti Rry, 

 an amall rirar which unite* with the Rio Urande, the principal 

 of UM Parani, ha* about 5000 inhabitants. In iU vicinity 

 but it dfrive* man importance from the road 

 i & Paulo and Villa Rica pawn* through it -Soiorrf, on the 

 Rio da* VWhaa. U a long dull town of about 6000 inhabitant*; it 

 contain* oranl church**. UM *treet* are wide and well paved, and 

 om* of UM hou*M an lanr. and handaome, but it ha* little trade. 

 In iU neifliliimibniiil an considerable gold minea, among which are 

 th* rich mine, of Congo 8000, and CuyaW ; but by these there are 

 village* which (apply the ordinary requirement* of the 

 TUtJi Dimmnfmm, formerly Trjueo, the capital of the 

 district, U situated on an acclivity of a lofty mountain, 

 about 4000 f**t above the level of the aea, and on the upper part of 

 UM amall river 8. Antonio which fall* into the Icquetinhouha : it has 

 about 000 inhabitant*. It i* a well-built place, contains three or 

 four handaom* church**, and aeveral public fountains. The shops 

 an rood and well tock*d, and in the city and suburbs are many 

 excellent and onetly hoo*e* with rich garden*. In the same neigh- 

 bourhood i* CidaJt do &ITO, formerly Villa do Principe, which is 

 nearly a* large a* Cidade Diamentina, and like it stands on the slope 

 of a mountain ; but it is a much poorer and leas populous place. 



CWaifi'LT, <frf. The manufactures of Brazil are quite in their 

 infancy and of the rudeat kind. The Brazilians are not merely 

 anakUfnl in mechanical pursuit* but averse to their practice, and 

 comparatively few European mechanic* have settled in the country. 

 Cotton U pun, but only of coarse kinds. There are a few iron-works. 

 Th* making of india-rubber goloehe* i* carried on to a considerable 

 extant by native workmen in Part, and the export i* of some conse- 

 qiMoc* to the province. The manufacture of various articles for home 

 eoMumptinn U alao carried on, but not to any great extent In the 

 town* various ordinary handicraft! are of course practised. 



Th* acarcity of the mean* of inland communication prevents the 

 province* of Matto Groato and Goya/., which lie at a great distance 

 from the MB, from bringing their agricultural produce to any market, 

 and tb*ir export i* consequently limited to gold and diamond*. 

 tin** Par***, which U connected by tolerable roads with Rio Janeiro, 

 and 8. Paolo, and alao enjoy* the advantage of an easy navi- 

 oo UM middle course of the S. Francesco, export* its gold 



and cotton. The province* 

 harbours, or can easily reach 

 the several provinces has been 

 I by the introduction of powerful government mail 



The foreign commerce of Brazil U more extensive than that of any 

 other country of America except the United State*. The vessels of 

 all nation* are admitted on the aame conditions, and their cargoes 

 pay the MAM dutiea. Th* moat important article* of exportation are 

 aa**i. of which the quantity annually exported is valued at nearly 

 .000,000l. about half of it being sent to the United State*; sugar, 

 which amount* to upwards of 1,500,000?. ; and cotton, the value of 

 which i. at lea*t 750,0001 The exportation of cocoa, tobacco, rice, 

 tapioca, bide*, tallow, horn* and horn-tip*, mahogany, cedar, rose- 

 wood and other valuable timber, dye-wood, sarsaparilla, and india- 

 rubber I* alao considerable. The .mailer articles are isinglaw, indigo, 

 caator-bean*, eMtor-oO, ipecacuanha, and different drug*. 



Sarly ill the mgar of Brazil find* a market in England, the 

 United State*, Hamburg, TriMte, and Portugal; the rice U with a 

 rifting exception atot to Portugal ; the coffee is divided between 

 Europ. and the United State*, the latter having increased their 

 bwnrt. to one-half of th* whole quantity in late yean. Almost all 

 J^V*!?* l ~" rood . mdkvnibbar, and uingkua is brought to Eng- 

 land. Th* bid*, an dirtributed between England, the continent of 

 the United Stetea. Th. tobacco i* aent to Portugal and 

 -J.J pnrtoo. to bring amugxled into 8p*in, and to the ooast 

 The ram which i* exported and* a market chiefly on the 

 t and In com* port* of Portugal 

 *. jy*l. **/*** ^* D Brmzfl may b* extimatod at about 

 which Marly one-fifth i exported to England; a 

 fowU, to U^mtod Stetes; UM remainder go., chiefly to Austria, 

 th- H**JM Town*, Kranor, PorttupU, Mid Belgium. 



2"~i? l>0 ^ I** B ~ fl ""J HkwU* b. ortimatod at nearly 



W tbM. about half an brought from England and it* 



WWh TIM***. The mott important article, are cotton 



_22. 1 ?? !" oimt * ***** ^00,OOW . then an 



In*, Uncn, bra** and copper wan, iron and rteel wrought 

 <l onwrwifht. hardware and cutlery, hata, arm* and ami.. 



and eandln, and tin Many cargoa* of cod are aent 

 ttwm UM HrHiah n**wrtai in North America: and from th. British 



S ailkii, ami tpioM. Nearly 



ration on UM middle ooune of the a 

 and precious (tone*, and alao coffee 

 aloof UM ooaet generally poise** good 

 them. The mantime intercourse of U 



ofAfrM*. 





, India 



the whole of this commerce i* carried on by vessels from 1 . 

 itn.l Liverpool. 



France send* to Brazil, chiefly from the ports of Havre and Brest, 

 some articles of fashion, trinket*, fiirnituro, wax candles, hata, dry 

 fruita, some glas* good*, and wine. From Holland and Belgium are 

 eat beer, glass goods, linen, geneva, and ii|-r ; frum ( if nnany, 

 Bohemian glaa*, linen, and iron and brass utensils ; from Runia and 

 Sweden, iron, copper utensils, nail-cloth, cords, ropes, and tin . 

 Portugal, wine, brandy, fruit*, hata, and European manufactures; 

 from the United Statea, considerable quautitR'n f \ 

 biscuits, soap, spermaceti candles, train-oil, tar, leather, boards, pit. li, 

 potashes, and some rough articles of furniture and coarse cotton 

 cloth. 



The maritime intercourse between Brazil and the neighbouring 

 ivpulilioa is not considerable. The most active is that can 

 with Buenos Ayrea, to which sugar, tapioca, and some other agricul- 

 tural product* are sent, and whence the Paraguay tea or mate 1 i* 

 brought back. 



Formerly an active trade was carried on with the coasts of Africa 

 avowedly in silks, cottons, ivory, East India goods, &c. ; but really in 

 slaves, of whom in some years 40,000 were imported, ehiftly {rum 

 Benguela, Cabimla, and Mozambique. And though several years back 

 the slave trade was by a treaty with England nominally aboli-1- !. 

 the traffic was continued with much activity in spite of the >r 

 exertions of British cruisers. Recently however the Brazilian g 

 ment has appeared to be really desirous of putting an end to the 

 detestable traffic. The Emperor of Brazil in bis address on closing 

 the session of the Legislative Assembly, October 25th, 185:!. 

 " My government will continue the repression of the slave tnulr with 

 energy and perseverance." If this be done it is but reasoual.l. to 

 anticipate that the traffic will soon be greatly lessened, if not wholly 

 suppressed. 



Government, <tc. In October, 1822, Brazil was declared an inde- 

 pendent state, and the Prince Regent was proclaimed KHIJI.T..I- ! 

 Brazil under the title of Pedro I. The deputies of the several pro- 

 vinces met on the 3rd of May, 1823, the anniversary of the discovery 

 of Brazil, and adopted the title of General Assembly of Brazil (Assem- 

 blea Qeral do Brasil). They appointed a committee for drawing up a 

 constitution, which was done by the 30th of August ; but the con- 

 stitution contained several provisions to which the emperor objected. 

 The meetings of the assembly becoming more and more turbulent, 

 the emperor finally dissolved it on the 12th of November, ami 

 another assembly. In the meantime he caused a new constitution to 

 be drawn up and published, which was afterwards accepted by the 

 new assembly (1824). According to this instrument Brazil is an 

 hereditary monarchy, limited by a popular assembly. The ex. 

 is in the hands of the emperor. The legislative body consist* of two 

 assemblies, the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies. The Catholic 

 faith is the religion of the state ; all other Christians are tolerated, but 

 are not allowed to build churches, or to perform divine service in 

 public. No important change has since been made in this consti- 

 tution, but there have been some innovations and modifications. One 

 of the most important innovations consisted in the appointment, in 

 November, 1842, of a council of state consisting of eight members 

 who hold the office for life. They are the immediate advisers of the 

 emperor, and are responsible equally with the regular ministers to the 

 General Assembly. The emperor is irresponsible. In case of failure 

 of issue in the regnant dynasty a successor is to be chosen by the 

 General Assembly, the initiative being in the Chamber of Deputies. 

 The regular ministry consist* of a president of the council, and 

 minister* of the finances, the interior, of justice, foreign affair?, of 

 war, and of marine. The emperor may create titles of nobility, but 

 these titles are not hereditary. The members of both the houses of 

 assembly are chosen by the province* : the senators for life ; the 

 representative* for a temporary period. The Senate is composed of 

 half as many members as the Chamber of Deputies : the Senate 

 consists at present of 65 senators ; the Chamber of Deputies of 1 1 2 

 representatives. The imposition of taxes and the regulation of all 

 matters of finance belong to the Chamber of Deputies ; the determining 

 of the numbers, Ac., of the army and the navy; as well I 

 respect* the general government, Ac. The j< n of a 



supreme court, a court of appeal, common law, municipal and orphan 

 courts, the judges of which are appointed by the crown, and of 

 justices of the peace who are elected by the people. 



For ecclesiastical purposes Brazil is divided into an archbishopric, 

 Bahia, and nine bishoprics, Cuyabit, Qoyox, Maranhio, Minns Oeraen, 

 1'ard, Pomambuco, S. Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, and Kio de Janeiro. 

 In i.lue:iti..n:il matters the country is very backward. Primary 

 Hchools for gratuitous elementary instruction have been estel.i 

 by the general government* throughout every pmvince, and grammar 

 or Latin school* in most towns of any size ; but they have hitherto 

 been very inefficient, |>artly from the difficulty of obtaining duly 

 qualified masters at the inadequate salaries provided for their HI . ; 

 by the provincial governments, and partly from the general dinim-H- 

 nation of the people to avail themselves of the school*. 



The total revenue of Brazil for the, year 18.13-4 in estimated at 



l,594,700t (32,358,000 mHlb), the expenditure at 8,292,63W. 



(29,633,706 milreis). The revenue in chiefly derived from the heavy 



