Ill 



BRKADALBAXE. 



BRECKNOCK8HIKK. 



. 

 a* was crowned. 



of BrmsU : oa th* 1* of 



declaration of war against 

 inunadiatelT made. The 



Part Bahiei 



. . 



I ' 



ly nuk-lr. 



Uw town* of Bahia, MaranhAo, and 

 th* Brazilian fore**, and after a few 



WMfcs th* nrrwoo wa* obUpd to abandon it, ui.n the appearance of 

 th* adauralaf BrasU. Lord Coohraoe, before the harbour. The admiral 

 son* of <-"*'*> and I'n4 to sail for Europe. 

 of Brazil waa established, with DO other loss 

 T blood thaa what took paw* ia th* town of Bahia. 



Mral AsMbiy of d*miti*B from th* provinces wa called to 



r la* draft of a constitution, but a* they refused to frame one 

 U> whkh th* emperor would agree, he dissolved them in November, 

 IMS. aad fcw day* after published a constitution, which as already 

 Mod. was accepted and confirmed by th* new General Assembly 

 aa*ok*d in th* early part of 1834. The independence of Brazil was 

 aazaowUdg*d by Portugal in 1835. 



la ISM two *T*ate took plac* which gave rise to great discontent, 

 Ih* death of King John VI., and th* war with Buenos Ayres, for the 

 ulaallm of Monte Video w a part of the Brazilian empire. By the 

 oWaas* of th* fc'"f, Portugal devolved on the emperor of Brazil, and 

 th* Brazilian* again apprehended that they might be placed in a state 

 of 4tr-nr*tf"* oa that country. To remove such fears, Pedro declared 

 his daughter Maria queen of Portugal, intending to marry her to his 

 brother Miguel Peace was concluded with Buenos Ayres in 1828, 

 and Moate Video became the independent republic of Uruguay. But 

 th* internal peace of the country waa not re-established. Frequent 

 diajmtos arose between th* Chamber of Deputies and the emperor, and 

 oawtinw* great disturbances occurred in Rio Janeiro. In the spring 

 of 1 Ml. oa* of these disputes assumed a form of more than common 



I ill consequence of the emperor refining to dismiss some 

 ministers. On th* 8th of April a tumultuous populace 

 nbled before the p*!*"". the emperor ordered the military 

 to disperse them. This they refused to do, and the emperor issued a 

 roclamaUoo by which he abdicated the throne in favour of his son, 

 'dro IL. the present emperor. 



At this time the young emperor wa* only in his sixth year. The 

 r of Deputies at once took a more decided lead in the govern- 



They appointed a regency of three persons ; and fixed the 

 ition of the emperor's minority on his reaching the age of 1 8 

 Disturbance* and revolutionary movements broke out succes- 

 sively in various part* of the empire during several following years. 

 Host of than how*v*r ware directed against the power of the Chamber 

 of D*puti** which was regarded with general distrust The regency 

 was ia 1M1 limited to one person. In 1841 the desire for the termi- 

 astioa of th* ngrocy, which had been long growing, found vent in a 

 popular rising, which th* government was unable to resist ; and on 

 th* ISnl of July, the young emperor, then only in his fifteenth year, 

 was declared by th* assembly to have attained his majority and to 

 th* full exercise of hi* constitutional prerogatives. Since that time 

 (hare hav* been various outbreaks in different part* of the empire, 

 oca* directed against th* provincial governments, some with a view to 

 erect oa* or other of th* province* into a republic, and some directed 

 gainst th* measure* or the ministers of the imperial government ; 

 but oath* whole Brazil has during the last few years had more 

 Ml tranquillity and consequently been more prosperous than any 

 of Ih* stats* of South America. The most important of the 

 BOM in which Brazil has been engaged was the long 

 r with Buenos Ayres, which led in 1851 to the fall of 

 . and eventually to th* opening of the Rio Parana. 

 (Ayr-, d* Cazal, Croyrafa Bratilita; TrartU of Siiix and Martius; 

 Esebwcge. n/o BrmtiUmtil ; Eechwege, OtttryJeundt Branlieiu 

 a** BntUim . Kn-yiru-. Bntragt nr baahuu BratUieiu ; Schaffer. 

 **; W*aoh, BrasilieM owmawrtyer ZuttanJ . TrartU of 

 Km, CaMeUugh. Graham. Gardner. Kidder, St. Hilaire, Prince 

 Adalbert, Wallace, *a; tad South*?'* and Annitage's Itutoriet of 



1RCADALBAXE. fPzmtsnimr.] 



BRECH1X. ForfanUra, Scotland, a royal burgh in the parish of 

 . b ifcailil oa th* Ml bank of th* South r>k. 7J miles above 



ft?tt^*JT - lto " t "~' to M< * ' ^ 2' ' W. long- 

 3 l "S"5- t ^r i> " Forfar> W * mU " aW - from Aberdeen by road 

 aaaU| md by th* Aberdean railway. The popuUtion of the royal 



T* *1? b tfl* 5^^nciiLs. one TwlSm' 

 ta_ *oaWoUon with Montroa, Arbroalh. Forfar. 

 [Bwrul rrtnms on* mambar to th* Imperial Par- 



wa* foraasrly a walled tow* aad an 



exs a coan 



Thai toww is abort 1M feet high. anj is oonrtraeted of b*wBrton 

 the w rlraaaahlp smealUat, It is surawuat*] with a ooaioal roof 

 ofgrayslato; aad thsr* i* ao appMnao* of there *v*r having been a 



ataircaae within it The cathedral, the western end of which is now 



ad as the parish church of Brechin, waa built by David I. in the r.'tli 

 century. Itrechin Castle stands on the top of a precipice, and is sepa- 

 rated from the town on the east and west by a deep ravine ; its south 

 base is washed by the South Esk, which here forms a fine sheet of 

 water. In this wurtln Sir Thomas Maule defied the forces of Kd war. 1 III. 

 until he was killed by a stone thrown by an engine, when the garrison 

 surrendered. It is now the residence of Lord Pnnmure. The town- 

 house, near the cross or market-place in the middle of the town, con- 

 tains a court-room and prison, two rooms for the meetings of conn. il. 

 and a guild-hall Three schoolrooms, built by subscription, are in the 

 west end of the town. Besides the parish church and a chnpel-of-eaea, 

 there are chapels in connection with the Free Church, the United 

 Presbyterian Synod, the Scottish Episcopal Church, and other Dis- 

 senters. The hospital of the ' Maison Dieu ' gives a small weekly 

 allowance to poor residentcra, widows, and children of burghers. 

 There is a school connected with it. The rector of the academy and 

 preceptor of liaison Dieu has 521. 10*. a year, besides fees from 

 Hcholai-8. The number of scholars learning Latin in 1851 was 38. 

 Spinning, weaving, and bleaching afford occupation to some extent. 

 Several hundred persons in the town are employed in the linen trade. 

 Distilleries, lime-works, freestone-quarries, and nursery-grounds are 

 in the vicinity. There are two bridges over the Kak at Brechin. 



BRECKNOCK, or BRECON, called by the \ t H.-nddu. 1 



or the Mouth of the Honddu, the capital town of Brecknock*! 

 municipal borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is situiv 

 an open valley at the confluence of the rivers Uk, Honddu, and Tamil, in 

 51 57' N. lat, 3 22' W. long., distant 171 miles \V.N.\V. from London. 

 Brecknock is governed by 4 aldermen nud 1 2 councillors, one of whom 

 is mayor, and returns one member to the Imperial Parliament, 

 population of the municipal borough in 1851 was 5673 ; that of the 

 parliamentary borough was 6070. The livings of the t .. 

 are vicarages in the archdeaconry of Brecon and diocese of St. David's. 

 Brecknock Poor-Law Union contains 42 parishes and townships, with 

 a population in 1851 of 18,160. 



Brecknock is built on both sides of the Honddu, and extends along 

 the left bank of the river Usk. The castle was built A.D. Id 

 Barnard Newmarch, a relative of William the Conqueror, who wrested 

 the county from the Welsh princes, and here fortified himsel; 

 he might the better maintain the rights which had been granted to 

 him as Lord of Brecon. It was considerably increased and improved 

 by the last Humphrey de Bohun, earl of Hereford, high constable of 

 England and governor of Brecknock. Ports of several towers, iuc! 

 .lied ' Ely Tower,' in which Morton was confined, still 

 The situation is commanding for the purposes of warfare : the main 

 part of the fortifications nmj still be traced. Two priories, the one 

 Benedictine and the other Dominican, were also founded by It. 

 Newmarch in the reign of Henry 1. The first is now the jum.-li 

 church of St. John's, called the Priory church ; the second wu- 

 verted into a college by Henry VIII. The Priory church stands in 

 the northern part of the town, adjoining the precinct of the priory, 

 where there is a beautiful promenade by the side of the river Honddu. 

 The church is built in the form of a cross, from the centra of which 

 rives an embattled tower. The Dominican convent, now the college, 

 is situated near Llanfaes church, or St. David's church, on the right 

 bank of the Usk. There are two places of worship for Independents, 

 and three for Baptists : one of each denomination having the religious 

 services conducted in the Welsh language. There are several schools, 

 namely, the Colleire school, founded in 1541, which has an income 

 from endowment of 32A a year, and had 25 scholars in 1851 ; Bough- 

 rood Charity school, recently enlarged ; two British schools ; and a 

 Girls' and Infants' school, erected in 1849. There are in the town a 

 mechanics' literary and scientific institute, a young men's mutual 

 improvement society, a savings bank, and an infirmary. The town is 

 lighted with gas. 



Brecknock occupies a healthy and ]>icturo<|uu situation. 

 are three stone bridges over the Hnuddu, and one over the Usk. A 

 ^new shire-hall has been built, and the old town-hall converted in 

 aaaam.bly-ro.iin. The Lent and summer assizes are held in Breck- 

 nock. The county jail is situated in the town. A county court in 

 held at Brecknock. There are barracks, in which detachments of 

 infantry and cavalry are quartered. Coal is brought along the .vin.il 

 at a moderate price. Flannel and coarse woollen cloths are manufnc- 

 a small extent : hats of a middling quality are m.-i.l.'. Tin- 

 town is chiefly dependent on the agricultural district around. Tin- 

 market-days are Wednesday and Friday : the fairs, which are held in 

 March, May, July, September, and November, are well supplied with 

 corn, cattle, eggs, and poultry, of which lait. :m abundance is reared by 

 the neighbouring farmers and cottagers. Opposite the town ar. 

 mountain-peaks, known as the Brecknock Bencoim, the highest of 

 which is 2862 feet above the level of the sea. 



BRECKNOCKSHIRE, an inland county of South Wales, lying 

 between 61' 64' and 52 17' N. lat., and 3" 0' and 8 48' W. 1. -. 

 Ivmnded N. by Cardiganshire and Radnorshire, from which 

 county it is for the most part separated by the rivers Claerwen, F.l.in, 

 *.nd Wye ; W. by Cardiganshire and Coermarthenshire ; 8. by Gla- 

 morganshire and Monmouthshire ; and E. by Monmouthshii 

 Herefordshire. This county extends from north to south 35 miles, 



