BRET.' 



of a* 



- - 



d U Ovter Town.' la 

 part, which is alM Ih. ' X-w T. 

 UM rtroMa, th* broad froate aad 



'It 



d by th* blau. bat 

 natter bride**, an 

 o^tradistinotfcm to the central 

 Th* rrguUrity and width of 



. . . : v . I 



is in contra* with the 



and public buildings, 

 aid* of the Odor as the nw 



broad drteh oraisii by a cost-iron brldg* is interpootd 

 thorn. Da UM north aid* of Bnalau lie four other suburbs, 

 bsjflt oa two islBBd* farmed by arm* of th. Od*r, and connected with 

 wa by amral bridges. Th* greater part of the town is 



1 Ir sa MTMshls nroiaViili. r4ilrh i *-* - 8 * 1 ' * 



la Bfctebor 8qBn, which used to b. called the SeJiring, 

 UM sTl>ia|i VlP'tru an erected. A brons* stetue of Bluchrr, 

 nobas; naoa a pedestal of granite, studs in thin square. The forti- 

 oattea* ofBnalea. which oaasodHtobe besieged in 1741, 1757,1760, 

 4 IMM. von domohshed in IMS and 1814. 



thirty two church** and one synagogue. The 

 noted in UM ISth century, is highly decorated in 

 side chapels. The church of 



UM Holy Cnes, onotod by Duke Henry IV., duke of Silesia, in 1288, 

 u IB th*shap*of a cross, and Hands upon a subterranean church of 

 taw san* shape and dimension*. It contains the monument of Henry 

 relief of John of Breslau, by Vischer. Among the 

 b!* churches an the church of St. Mary on Sand 



. Dorothea's, th* loftiest church in BreaUu ; and the chief 

 Pi ilsslsal church, called 8t Elizabeth's, the steeple of which is 364 

 h*t high. The public building" of the town are numerous. The 

 Guildhall, erected in the 14th century, contains the hall, where the 

 dM* formerly held their sitting*. It in situated on the 



Panda, UM flaest square in Bnalau. Among the other public build- 

 tags an th* government house ; the courts of justice ; the public 

 in th* Band suburb ; th* Roman Catholic gymnasium ; the 



I, also* Boar the cathedral ; the arsenal ; the burg, once an 

 palace; and the university buildings. The university was 

 by Leopold I. in 170] for the two faculties of divinity and 

 philosophy. Two more faculties, for law and medicine, were added 

 m 1811, whoa the university of Frankfurt on-the-Oder was incorpo- 

 rated with it. The library contains upwards of 100,000 volumes. 

 Th* Protesteate have three gymnasia here; the Catholics have a 

 royal sjssiiooiiiiii aad a theological college. The Jews have a good 

 school, founded in 1790, and another of an inferior kind. Breslau 

 Uknrix possosaos a school of art* ; a school of architecture ; and a 

 vast number of other schools and charitable institutions, among which 

 I b* mentioned th* asylum* for the blind and for deaf-mutes, the 

 and Hcirntine society; several public libraries; 

 i of coins and works of art ; and several hospitals 

 The town U the seat of a royal mint and bank, and 

 I departmoBt of mine*, and other establishments incidental 

 to it* nhsnrtsr a* UM centre of provincial government There is a 

 thoBtnaad open-boos*, and several musical societies. 



Th* central position of Bnalau among the manufacturing district* 

 of lia'i, ft* facilities for trade by means of internal navigation, and 

 by railroad* which connect it with Vienna, Prague, Dresden, Cracow, 

 Warsaw, L*ipig, Hanover, Hamburg, Berlin, and Stettin, render it 

 oa* of th* moot thriving manufacturing and commercial cities of 

 narssanj). W* believe that a railway U projected to connect Breslau 

 wH Pooan, aad Urns give it readier communication with the harbours 

 of Btettia. Uaajag, aad Koaigsberg. Brealau is an entrepot for the 

 toe aad eoans wnnlloM^ettons, linens, silks, hardwares, glass, wools, 

 heap aad tax of Hilma; for th* wines of Hungary, and all kinds of 

 colonial prodoc.. Th. oxra of the Ukraine and Moldavia, the corn 

 aad eattl* of tMUoia, aad th* produce of its own distilleries, tanyards, 

 typo-fcvadTMi, and all thos* manufacture* which it has in common 

 with other kr(* towaa. tad a regular sale at Breslau. Four fairs are 

 MdJalhojoar, thoo* for wool an held in the early part of June and 

 The avoraj* quantity of wool sold at the June fain amounts 



NIT province of Botirgogne in France. 

 ' of Bourgogne and Kranche -< 



It wo* aoaadsd X. by the duchy 



; ** "T- K ** * BboM "Bfeh divided it from I>.uphin.<, and 

 W. by Lyoaaah) aad UM Sato*. Bream now forms part of the depart- 

 oB*ofAi. BoosfwasitaoUsfumiL 



*T. . twa in UM dopartUMrt of Finwtcra in France, and 



. . . ., 



ParU. and ha* * popnlation of 48,986. 

 UT> bay ealled UM Road of Brant, 



' 



' W. long., at a distano* of 870 miles \\ 



U lies on th* north aide of a 

 , land locked, and entered by a 

 lled U Goals*. 



The tows I* of trto^ular form. The Ponfeld enter, the town near 

 A* wither. *a> of th* walU, and pesos* through it into the road- 

 stead with a wiadmf ooon*, dividing the town into two pans that 

 ho left bart bstnf <*lUd Bn*,the*on UM right bank Roooar. 

 "^ > *~s,joM at th* pout when therivsrfalli into the road 



stead, and placed so as to command the entrance to the port, is the 

 cactle, the strength of which is very much nwing t" it.- actuation. 

 The whole town is strongly fortified. The site of Brest is very 

 IIIMTIH So steep u the declivity in some parU that the comiuuui- 

 ^rtj^l i( mad* by means of steps, and the gardens of some of the 

 houses are on a level with the fifth xtory of other*. The streets in 

 the higher parts of the town are winding and steep. In Reoouvranoe 

 modern houses are rapidly superseding the edifices of former time*. 



Brest is a fortress and naval xtution of the first claim, i 

 the time of Louis XIV. it was a laud-fortress merely; but (.'.. 

 Richflieu, perceiving its importance as a naval station, caused maga- 

 zines to be built and fortifications to be erected to defend the harbour. 

 Louis XIV. afterword* evtabluhed the great araenal. All th. 

 cipal buildings of the town, except the church. < "t St l...i 

 Sl-Sauvvur, are connected with the defence of the place, or ore con- 

 structed for the purposes of the French navy. There are handsome 

 quays, ship-building yards, extensive htorc-hou<, rope-walks, and 

 barracks; also a building called La Bugne, for the recej 

 convicts who are sentenced to the galleys. This lar' 

 building u on the summit of a hill, and Urge enough for 4000 con- 

 victs. The various establishment* for the navy occupy nearly the 

 whole of the port. Brest baa a botanic garden, a marine library, an 

 observatory, and a museum of natural history. It ix the seat of a 

 maritime prefect, hag schools of medicine, navigation, and marine 

 engineering, tribunals of tint instance and of commerce. A naval 

 school is established on board a vessel in the harbour. Schools of 

 naval artillery, engineering, hydrography, and drawing, and a school 

 for the instruction of midshipmen, are attached to the |>ort. 



The bay or road of Brest is the ancient Britata Portut. It is 

 * oue of the finest natural harbours in the world. The pasaage 

 Le Goulet by which it is entered is less than a mile in width, but 

 within there U room for 500 vessels of the line. The harbour i - 

 cult of access in foul weather; the coast of Bretagne on either :! 

 of the entrance is rock-bound, and frequently fogs render the light* of 

 Penmaret and Ouessant, by which the harbour is made, to disappear. 

 Steamers have to slacken pace on approaching the entrance. The 

 passage is defended by formidable fortifications on both sides. At 

 its entrance, on the Pi>: hicii, there is a lighthouse with a 



revolving light which U eclipsed every half minute. Its In 

 177 feet above the sea, and it stands in 48 20' X. lut, 4" 47 U . 

 long. The road may be considered as the actuary of several small 

 streams which flow into it, none of which however are of any import- 

 ance except the Aulne or river of Ch&teaulin, which forms part 

 system of inland navigation connecting Brest with Nantes. The com- 

 merce of Brest is almost entirely confined to the victualling of the 

 navy. A project has been long entertained of forming a commercial 

 port here, there being no harbour of that kind between Nantes and 

 Havre. As a port of construction, and as a school for the navy, 

 Brest ranks before both Toulon and Cherbourg ; but in importance of 

 situation and in accessibility it is very far surpassed by either. A 

 railway is about to be constructed from Rennes through Lorient to 

 Brest which will connect the town and harbour with Paris and the 

 general railway system of France. 



ionnai'rr de la France, Paris, 1845; Balbi's tieugraphit.) 



ItHKTAtiNK, or Brittany, one of the provinces into which i 

 was divided before the revolution, was bouu<i -^li-h 



Channel, W. and S.\V. l>y the Ocean and the Bay of Biscay, S. :m,l 

 E. by the provinces of Poitou, Anjou, Maine, and 

 coast-line, which was above 500 miles in length, and indented with 

 numerous bays and harbours, extended from the month <>( the 

 Couesnon on the confines of Nornandie to the mouth of th> 

 Boulogne, which flowing through the Lake of Grandlieu fall 

 the Bay of Biscay opposite the Isle of Noirinoutier, dividing Bretagne 

 from Poitou. The greatest length of the province from south-east 

 to north-west was 205 miles ; its greatest breadth at right angle* to 

 it* length lOo miles ; and its area amounted to 13,085 square miles. 



A long range of mountains, called Menez, runs parallel to the 

 northern coast, and terminates in the western part of the peninsula. 

 The principal riven of the province rise in this chain. Those which 

 run north into the English Channel have a short course : the cl 

 these an the Coin-mum, before mentioned ; the Kance, which falls in 

 atSt-Malo; and the Trieux, which enters the sea at. Pain,].. 

 the south of the chain n. tln> Aulne, called iu the lower part of its 

 conne the river of Chateaulin, which falls into the harbour of Brent ; 

 the Blavet, which forms the harbour of Lorient and enters the Bay 

 of Biscay at Port-Louis; the Vilaine, which joined by the Ille and 

 several smaller streams enters the sea opposite Belle-lie a little below 

 Roche-Bernard. The south of the province is traversed by the Loire. 

 All these an tide rivers and navigable. 



The soil of the province is fertile along the coast ; but a great 

 part of the interior in covered with mountains, heaths, and forest*. 

 Corn sufficient for the home consumption is grown. Very little wine 

 is produced, the common beverage being cider. Flax and hemp are 

 extensively cultivated. Lead, iron, antimony, coal, and marble are 

 found. Among the manufactures of Bretagne linen and sailcloth 

 an the most important. The number of harbours along the seaboard 

 afford great facilities for carrying on an important coasting trade, 

 which consists principally of wine, brandy, fish, salt, cattle, butter 



