I.I'.CIIATKAU. 



1W1GIITON. 



140 





-...'. - N 



le*Oi by the Uult* of AIU*. equipped fleet la England in 157 i and 

 eatered the harboor of Uriel, wUoli atoTMdered to them 



the rh-t MI..: 



them, wul Urn. 

 In 1 585 the town 



wa. (in. up to KluaUrth. uu-a of EafUd. a* .eourity for advance* 

 Ma. br lwr to th. State. o? HolUoa. and it continued garrUooed by 

 tajll. .ili1iri nnUI 11. when it * restored. Briel i* well l.uiK 

 a-f rtm^j fmllled The harbour U i^-minn*""*, and capable of 

 li .g MO TWMls. The inhabitant. number about 5000 ; thr 

 ar priaaipaDy oosaptad M fahermca and pilot* Hri.-l wu the 

 Ua. of the adminJ. Van Tromp and DC Witt. The town U 



IS aiUW. fr.,0, Rotterdam. 



[A CBS.] 



BBIEHZ.LAKB 



lilt ' (or St Brieux). an epieoopal city in France, capital 



of the department of Cotee-dit-Nord. the *eat of tribunal* of fint 

 tot aad of commerce, of a chamber of commerce, an agricultural 

 f, a ecbool of hydrography, communal college, and a diocesan 

 v, i* situated on the Oouet near it* mouth, in the Bay of 

 , a part of the KnglUh Channel, 278 mile* W. from Paris, 

 Ut, r 45' 44' W. long.; and ha* about 13,000 

 I*. 



Thi. oty owe* it* origin to a monastery built in the 5th century 

 by St. Bnauo, an Iriahman : it ha* given title to a bishop since 

 A.O. M4. It i. built near the little river Oouet, over which i* a 

 baadcume irranite bridge, and in a bottom surrounded by hills 

 uAViently high to intercept the view of the sea, although so near. 

 The Oonet i* navigable, and at it* mouth is the village of Legutf, with 

 a tide-harbour which form* the port of the town, and ia almost joined 

 to it by building*. St-Brieuc i* a neat town, tolerably well laid out 

 aad built for an old town, with streets suffid.-ntly wide, and neat 

 quire*. The rampart* were demolished in 1788 and their site 

 converted into a promenade, which i* planted with lime-trees, and 

 terminate, in a terrace, whence there i* a view of the Channel on one 

 id* and the Bay of 8t-Brieux on the other. 



The entrance of the Oouet wa* formerly defended by the tower or 

 fort of Cea*un, which wa* demolished in 1598 by order of Henri IV. : 

 from it* ruin*, which crown a high cliff nearly 300 feet above the sea, 

 there are fine view* of the coast At the foot of the cliffs there is a 

 tnnd of considerable extent, covered with firm level sand at low- 

 water, which *mre* (in the beginning of July) as a race-course for 

 hone* from the five department* formed out of the Arraoric peninsula. 

 The cathedral of St-Brieuc i* a structure of various dates : part of it 

 ie a* old a* the llth century; the nave was rebuilt in the 18th 

 century. It ha* two fine rose-window*. In the south transept is the 

 chapel of St-Sacretnent, which i* adorned with several wooden 

 *>*toe of food workmanship, representing the Annunciation. There 

 are aeveral sped men* of good wood-carving in the interior. The 

 building i* nirmounted by two low and ugly tower*, one of which 

 support* a Ugh wooden spire. The church of St -Michel haa- 

 hideou* exterior, re* ambling a Urge barn ; but the interior i* hand- 

 some and ha* an l "p"- t "g effect The town has seven public foun- 

 tain* and two bridge*. 



Among the manufacture* of St-Brieuc may be enumerated linen, 

 *nj, woollen stufiX cotton and linen yarn, leather, paper, gilt 

 batten* and beer. It i* engaged alao by means of the port of LegiuS 

 ia the ona*fing trade, in the Newfoundland cod-fishery, and in ship- 

 building. Corn, flax, hemp, puke, butter, honey, and cattle are the 

 principal export*. Ht-Brieuc has a public library containing 24,000 

 iilil*u, a theatre and a fine boenitei The *ee of St-Brieuc includes 

 the department of the Cotes-du-Nord. The bishop i* a suffragan of 

 the arehbkbop of Tour*. 



For a loaf time after it* foundation St-Brieuc wa* an open town, 

 often taken aad plundered by the Northmen, who however were 

 conquered under it* walla, in 937, by the Breton* under Alain Barbe- 

 Turte. The town wa* taken and pillaged by the Constable de Clinson 

 during the war ajpunrt Duke Jean. On this occasion the duke had 

 fortified the cathedral, which the cimttahlu took and made hi* head- 

 narten. The Cbouan. eatered St-Brieuc in 1799, but were driv.-u 



. 



BRIGHTON, or M it ww formerly ordinarily written, and is still 

 n ia most fcca] dooumenta, BRIOHTHKUU ,ex, a 



parliamentary borough, market-town, and watering-place, and forming 

 of tantfaPoor-Uw Union, in the hundred .,{ \VIlb..ne and rape 

 of Lewe*. to aitaated ia 50* 4' X Ut. 0' 8' W. long., distant 62 mJ*M 

 a froea London by road, and 50) mile* by the Brighton and South 

 Coast railway. The town ooraptw the entire breadth from east to 

 t of the parUh of Brighton, aad extend* went into the parish of 

 HOT*. The barrack* and a few detached bourn north of the town 



are ia the parwh of Preetoo. The population <.f the 

 of Bricbtoa. which include* the pariah* of 

 CT.673 in 1 Ml. The town of Brlfbtoa compri*e. an area 



|mrliuuentary 

 Brighton and 

 iprineaan area 



f ItM acrea. The government i* veetod in a constable and a body 

 f i miialiinr*. IIS ia amber, riaoted by the 207. householder* 

 wader aa Ad of Parliament for regulating, paving, improving, and 

 ! i lining the town. The parliamentary borough wa* constituted by 

 the felona Art ; it rrtorn. two member* to the Imperial Parliament 

 Tfc. Bviat, of St. XbhoU*, the part* church of Brijjjbtoa, U a vicarage 



held with the rectory of West Blachington, in the archdeaconry of 

 Lew*, and diooeee of Chioheater. 



Brighton itaud* near the centre of the curved line of coast of whirh 

 the ea*t and west point* are respectively Ik-achy Head and Selaaa 

 Hill. The town i* built on a slope, and is defended from the north 

 winds by the high land of tlit< South Downs, which from Beachy 

 Head a* far a* the central part of Brighton press close on the sea and 

 form high chalk cliff*. From the central part of Brighton westward 

 the hill* recede farther from the sea, leaving a level coast Thux the 

 town of Brighton in the eastern part present* a high cliff to the tea, 

 and in the western part a low sloping beach. The town has not 

 increased toward* the north so much a* along the coast ; bul 

 run up the depressions in the chalk, along which the London and 

 Lewe* road* respectively are formed. The entire sea frontage of il,.- 

 pariah of Brighton, a space of nearly three miles in length, is occupied 

 with a range of superior houses. The population of the town ban 

 increased with astonishing rapidity during the present century : in 

 1801 it was 7339; in 1811, 12,012; in 1821, 24,429; in 1831, 4 

 in 1841 it was 46,661 ; and in 1851 it was 65,569. The niim 

 residents during the summer occasionally amounts to 80,000. The 

 place is rapidly increasing. 



The origin of Brighton is uncertain. Roman coins have been dug 

 up in the vicinity. At the Conquest the lordship of the manor was 

 included in the possessions of Harold, and was given by the Con- 

 queror to his son-in-law, William de Warren. About this time some 

 Flemings are supposed to have established themselves here for the 

 purpose of fishing. From the exposed nature of the coast the town 

 has occasionally suffered from hostile invasion. It was plundered 

 and burned by the French in the early part of the 16th century. 

 During the reigns of Henry VIII. and Elizabeth fortifications were 

 erected to protect the town. Brighton has frequently suffered from 

 storms and the encroachment* of the sea, by which the cliffs have 

 been undermined, and at different times many bouses have been 

 destroyed. Wooden groins have been formed which run l'i 

 dill' t.i low water mark, within which the loose shingle is deposited ; 

 the shingle in this part of the channel is always driven eastward. A 

 sea, wall has been built along the eastern cliff, extending from th.- 

 pier to Kemp Town. This wall is 60 fevt high, 23 fuut thick tt 

 base, tapering to the top to a thickness of it feet : its const i 

 cost the town upward* of 100,0007. Two centuries ago the town wu 

 situated ' under the cliff,' or on the tract of beach now covered by the 

 sea, on which stands the chain pier. Twenty-two houses were 

 destroyed in 16U5, leaving still under the cliffs 113 tenements: the 

 whole were swept away in hurricanes which occurred in 1703 and 

 1705, and by irruptions of the sea. In the year 1818, while some 

 labourers were making excavations in Ship Street and Mi.l.ilr Street, 

 the walls of one of the engulphed streets, named South :- 

 discovered 15 feet below the surface of the beach. About the uii<!dli< 

 of the 18th century attention was directed to Brighton as a suitsblu 

 watering-place, chiefly by Dr. Richard Russell, an intelligent medical 

 man, whose work on the use of sea- water excited considerable interest. 

 The place was rendered a fashionable resort by Qeorge IV.. 

 Prince of Wales, who first visited Brighton in 1782, and for many 

 years in succession made it his residence during the summer and 

 Hutiiiiin. In 1784 the foundation of the Marine Pavilion was laid. 

 This royal palace may be regarded as the nucleus of modern Brighton. 

 Its exterior appearance is rather fantastic than graceful, presenting 

 an assemblage of domns, minarets, and pinnacles. Tin 1 Pavilion ha* 

 been purchased and fitted up by the corporation of Brighton a* a 

 place of recreation for the inhabitants and visitors. The ground* 

 attached, which occupy upward* of 7 acres, are appropriated aa 

 pleasure-grounds for the use of the public. 



Adjoining the Pavilion is a large open space termed the Steyne. 

 Prior to 1793 this was a piece of common land used by the fishermen 

 for repairing their boats and drying their nets. It is now inclosed 

 with railings, planted with trees, intersected with roads, and rendered 

 an ornament to the town. It is surrounded by excellent houses. On 

 the north side i* a bronze statue of Oeorge IV. by Chan trey ; am) < m 

 the couth side is the Victoria Fountain, 32 feet high, erected by MI!>- 

 scription in 1.S40. The rapid increase of Brighton caused the want 

 of a suitable landing-place to be strongly felt A company was 

 accordingly formed for the erection of a suspension or chain 

 which was begun in October, 1822, under the direction of Captain 

 Brown, and opened in November of the following year. The cost of 

 erection was 30,0007. It is composed of four spans or chain bridge*, 

 each 255 feet in length, and at the end on a framework of strong 

 oaken pile* is a platform paved with blocks of granite. The main 

 chains, which arc eight in IIIUII)HT, nro carried over pyramidal cast- 

 iron towers 25 feet high, which rest on clusters of piles. The entire 

 length of the pier is 1136 feet, the breadth of the platform being 

 13 feet This structure was seriously damaged in heavy gales in 

 October, 1883, and November, 1836. The pier has since been con- 

 siderably strengthened, and is now in a state of thorough repair. 



On the cant aide of the pariah of Brighton is Kump Town, a magni- 

 ficent assemblage of private houses erected on the estate of Mr. Kt-inp. 

 When fint built some yean ago it was quite detached from the town, 

 but 1* now united with it On the west side of the town, in the 

 pariah of Hove, are several handsome squares tviid terrace*. The 



