BKIXTON. 



nnisTOL. 



hen at a btor period Ari|.|.:n Undo.! with the who* of her 



The pert o* BradUm eonsisttt! of ta ootar and an Inner harbour 

 by a very narrow nfc*rf Tfce <ntar harboor wm in great 

 by MM We*, on. of which. Bun (now Isola Hi St. 

 by Pharosot ItchUioitM. At the south- 



wwtern end of UM rosd^esd a narrow channel led to the inner bar- 

 boor, wfckfa WM completely landlocked, deep enoogh for the large* 

 ship*, and fcnnid by two arms of the en which M mentioned above 

 I b) UM shape of two horns round three sides of the town. 



Mvhok befell Brindisi after the fall of the Roman 

 M taken and retaken by the northern barbarian*, 

 the Ore**, end UM Saracen*, contributed to the deterioration of the 

 ar by preventing UM inhabitants from attending to its repair. 

 Tfce Normans finally wisetml Brundwiinn from the Greek empire, 

 ml UM etty wituoeed UM marriage of Tancred's son Roger with the 

 r the Normans the city WM the chief port of 

 UM Crusaders : when UMM expeditions ceased it 

 Ma naval port. The town was sacked by 

 Hungary in IMS, and soon after by Louis, duke of Anjou. 

 In 1 4& an earthquake destroyed the greatest part of the town : from 

 Urfs !,.> f i the town never recovered. 



Frederick II. built a cMtle for the defence of the town, which was 

 repaired and extended by Charles V. Under the Angevin" the inn. r 

 fcatbnni WM already become a stagnant pool separated from the sea 

 by an wthmn* or bar (the slow work of centuries) which blocked up 

 UM channel between the inner and outer harbours. Other marshes 

 themselves in the neighbourhood ; and the air of the town, 

 had in ancient time* been unwholesome in autumn, became 

 seriously affected. A cut was made across the isthn.up, and the sea- 

 water being thus let in, and the other marshes at the same time par- 

 tially dried up, the air of Brindisi evidently improved. The depth of 

 UM channel however is not more than about eight feet, and vessels 

 are obliged to remain in the roads, in which there in good anchorage 

 partly pioteolud by an island having a castle upon it called Forte di 

 Mara. New works hare been undertaken since 1880 to keep the 

 channel of communication clear and to cleanse the inner harbour of 

 UM mass of sea weeds which accumulate very fast, and by their decay 

 corrupt the atmosphere. Then recent works have brought to light 

 r of the piles driven by Cesar. 



Call o BmndUiam. Copper. Drlt. Mu. 



The present town of Brindisi occupies but a small part of the site 

 of UM ancient city. It is surrounded on the land side by walls and 

 iMtalism, end has a castle flanked by enormous round tower*, and called 

 Forte di Terrs, which commands the northern arm of the inner har- 

 bour. Outside the town and not far from the castle is a fountain 

 Mid to be of Roman construction, with a niche on each side, from 

 which flow two rills of very good water, probably the fountain men- 

 Uoned by Miny. from which the ships were supplied. The water in 

 UM town is brackish. The town is ill built and looks miserable, and 

 UM air i* still unwholesome in mimmcr. The inhabitants carry on 

 M trade by MS : part of the oil of Puglia is shipped off at Brindisi. 



arrlsd to his socood wile, Yolanda, in t 



Brindisi Rive, title to an archbishop. 



Uerably fa.nrovl einM 1S48, when . 



- -. 



.rtte 



esrWory 



' ' : ;., 



of UM Norman times, with a mosaic pavement 

 of the effects of earthquakes. Frederick 1 i . 

 UM cathedral in 1226. 



The harbour has been con- 

 lighthouse WM erected, which 

 " K. long. The town contains 



is dirfinjfuished TOW as'in ancient times by 

 at fertility. Tfce olive eepealally flourishes, and vast quantities 

 re mad* Steamers to the Ionian Islands and Malta touch at 

 * recently constituted an entrepot for foreign 



H, Norfolk, a Tillage, and the seat of a Gilbert's Poor-Law 

 ** P*fisk rf Brinton and hundred of Holt, is situ 

 28 mile. N.N.W. from Norwich, 



ef.fi 



IM.JH wfcloh fcM 



liKi. TW I.T, nK i. . rectory Ud with the 



" I " ddioc ^ Norwlch 



. >n - 



. form toceUMr a Davies Gilbert's 

 ilMlapopJattonof2V. BrinU* 

 neighbourhood are two or three 



lilt! ::S. Tlu-se three Mauds lie on the north-east coast 



of the Adriatic, near the port of Taasano, and north of Pola, in the 

 Austrian Circle of Trieste. They contain the quarries from wl>i< h 

 the Venetians obtained the ash-gray-coloured and hit-lily durable 

 marble of which their palaces are constructed. The largest of the 

 islands is called p.rioni ; the names cf the other two are Coeeda and 

 San Qirolamo. They arc situated in 45 8' K. 1st, 18 68' . long. 



BIUOfDK. [Ix)inR, HAITI.] 



r.KISP.AXK. [\VAIK.. XKW S.HTII.] 



I'-lilSTOIj, a port, parliament try and munivipal botimgli, cathedral 

 city, the seat of a Poor- Law Union, mid a county i'i itm>lf, in situated 

 between the counties of Gloucester and Somerset. For many purposes 

 it is considered to be in the county of Gloucester. It stands at the 

 junrtiou of the rivers Avon and Frome, in 61 27' N. lat, 2* S8' 

 \V. long. ; 38 miles S. by \V. from Gloucester by railway, 108 miles 

 W. from London by rood, and 118 miles by the Great Western rail- 

 way : the population of the municipal and parliamentary boroughs, 

 which ore co-extensive, was l:!7, :!_"- in I -.II. The borough is governed 

 by a corporation consisting of 16 aldermen and 48 councillors, one of 

 whom is mayor; and returns two members to the Imperial I'nrli 

 For sanitary purposes the city is governed by a Local Bonn) of Health. 

 The livings of the city parishes are in the archdeaconry of Bristol and 

 diocese of Gloucester and Bristol. Bristol Poor-Law Union, which is 

 co-extensive with the city, contains 20 parishes, with an area of 1 Mo 

 acres, and a population in 1851 of 65,716. Bedminxtcr, which forum 

 part of the borough, ia also the seat of a Poor-Law Union comprising 

 23 parishes and townships, with an area of 52,989 acres, and a popu- 

 lation in 1851 of 88,171. 



Name and Hitlory. The moat ancient name of Bristol on record is 

 Caer Oder (the City of the Gap, or chasm through which the Avon 

 finds a passage to the sea), though the site of Caer Oder was probably 

 the present Clifton. The name of Bristol has been spelled in nearly 

 fifty different ways, chiefly variations however of the form BricgXam. 

 Much diversity of opinion prevails as to the origin of the name, but 

 it appears to be formed of two Saxon words, Hrinj, a bridge, or Brice, 

 a rupture, and .Voi/-, a place ; the form Bricestow would thus have a 

 similar meaning to the caer otter of the Britons. 



The Romans obtained early possession of Bristol ; and in the time 

 of Constantine, the time assumed by Mr. Seyer in his ' Memoirs of 

 Bristol ' for its foundation, they invested it with a wall and gates, 

 which inclosed the area now occupied by the most central portions of 

 the town. At the epoch of the invasion of Cerdic the Saxon, (A.D. 

 495), Bristol formed part of the dominions of the princes of < 

 wall, whose jurisdiction extended over all Somersetshire and part of 

 Gloucestershire. In 584 it was made a frontier city of the i - 

 kingdom of Mercia. In 596 Jordan, the companion of Augustine, 

 preached on the spot now called College Green, which subsequently 

 became the site of the monastery built in honour of the chief mis- 

 sionary, and now of the cathedral church of Bristol In the llth 

 century, Brichton, as it was called, was, from its convenience as a 

 port, especially for embarkation to Ireland, used commonly for tin- 

 purpose of exporting slaves; a practice which Wolntan, Usbon f 

 Worcester, denounced to the Conqueror, who l>y a royal edict forbade, 

 though he failed utterly to extinguish, the inhuman traffic. T the 

 early part of the Norman period the addition of the second wall 

 around the town is ascribed. 



The first historical notice of tho castle occurs on the death of 

 William I., when it was fortified and held by Godfrey on Iwlmlf of 

 Robert, the Conqueror's eldest son, and appears to have been a place 

 of considerable strength. At the time of preparing Domesday Book, 

 Bristol was a walled town and a royal burgh. The local government 

 of the city was vested in a prepositor or chief magistrate, who acted 

 under the custos of the castle, the cajmt honori*. It does not appear 

 that the prepositor was a salaried officer, although, as he was de 

 rirtu'r officii escheator to the king, his reasonable charges nn that 

 head were defrayed ; but the town was charged with the maintenance 

 of the castle. The prepositor at the accession of William I. WM 

 Hardyng, a wealthy merchant of the town, and the founder of the 

 Benkeley family. He was continued in his office by the Conqueror, 

 and was succeeded on his death in 1115 by Robert, "commonly called 

 Fitzharding, and first lord of Berkeley. The honour of Bristol was 

 transferred from one possessor to another, according to the course of 

 royal favour, till the reign of Stephen, in whose reign the castle wai 

 made one of the strongest fortresses in the kingdom ; it covered six 

 acres of ground, and hod walls twenty-five feet thick. During this 

 stormy |>eriod the prepositor of the town, Robert Fitzharding, was 

 employing a portion of his wealth in erecting the abbey of 8t Augus- 

 tine, now the cathedral church, and in 'In: priory of St. 

 James, subsequently the parochial church of that name; uii'l William 

 of Malmesbury writes that the port was at that time " the resort of 

 ships coming from Ireland, Norway, and other countries l H <yond sea." 

 Henry II. on his accession (1154) resumed the royal juriwliction over 

 the towns, castles, Ac., which belonged to the crown, by taking them 

 into his own hands; but twenty years elapsed before he obtained 

 possession of the castle of Bristol, when (1176) the earl sum-mli n .1 

 it to the king. Brintol had thus evidently become a p. .it >( nome 

 note in the llth century; and in the 12th century (llf>4 and 1190) 

 charters were granted by Henry II. which placed Bristol in a most 



