BRUNSWICK. 



BRUNSWICK. 



m 



dbaeoaion*, surrounded by good dwelling hotun*, and 

 hi with bandamiM column. Briton U divided into ix 

 parochial church**, beside. tho*e in the 

 ad* on the Pttenberg, <*7 height in 

 St. Jacob's U a fine specimen of the gothic 

 he 14th century : UM roof, which U very 



put of UM town. 

 UM 



Sot UM beginning of the 14th century : 

 , U upnorted by two row* of oolumns, and U covered eutin-ly 

 o.p|r : UM *te*ple U 270 feet high. The church of the 

 Minority, with UM adjoining .acred staircwe and hoOM of Loretto, 

 M of peculiarly hamUome construction ; and the church of the Capu- 

 chin* (eeUbrate,! for Sandrart'* fine alUr-piece, the liaising f UK- 

 Cram), u well M UM gothic church of UM Augustinian monastery, in 

 UM Altbrunn suburb, with Kranach'* Madonna and a large library 

 arc well d Burring of notice. Among other public building* are the 

 Dicartcrial HOUM, which contain* the governor 1 * residence and the 

 gonmment-ofioM ; the ilaoe for the military department; tbo 

 town-ball which U embellished in the gothic style ; the theatre, and 

 iU mimMjr m ; the Jesuit*' college, the northern front of which 

 ilBCUJpl** one ride of a whole utreet ; the archiepucopal palace built on 

 UM PXuilmg, one of the mart commanding sites in the town ; the 

 ~*-""- mansion* of UM nobility ; the military hospital ; and the 

 Maria^chool. an endowment for females of noble birth. There are 

 wrenl delightful promenade* in aad near Briinn, the most attractive 

 of which are the garden* on the Franzenaberg. which are ornamented 

 with aa obelisk, 6X1 fret high, erected in 1818 in honour of the 

 ssnpeior Francis I. ; and the Augartcn, a park laid out in the English 

 and French style. Rriinn ia the seat of government for the Margra- 

 viat* ; and also of the high courts of judicature. It gives title to 

 UM metropolitan of Moravia, and the Protestant consistory is estab- 

 lished here. Among the educational establishments of Briinn are an 

 ptmnpal seminary, a gymnasium, a museum, a training school, an 

 academy for girl* attached to the Ursuline convent, and several other 

 ehool*. The principal benevolent institutions of the town are a 

 gsiisisl infirmary, a lying-in hospital and lunatic asylum ; an orphan 

 asylum; asylunuforuie blind, and the deaf and dumb; and a national 

 loan-bank. Independently of the house of correction on the Spiel- 

 berg, there is another here for the province in general. 



Bruno is one of the most important manufacturing towns in the 

 empire of Austria. It is particularly noted for the manufacture of 

 fine woollen cloth* and kerseymeres, silks, ribbons, yarns, leather, 

 glove*, carpet*, cotton print*, and vinegar. No town in Moravia has 

 so extensive a domestic trade, in which it is much favoured by its 

 central position and by the railways which connect it with all the 

 hading town* of Austria, Prussia, and Central Germany. It has four 

 wholesale markets in the year, which are each of fourteen days' dura- 

 tion. The trade of Briinu in colonial and other foreign productions 



BRUNSWICK (Braunschweig). Two distinct sovereignties have 

 prong from the house of Brunswick. The possessions of the elder 

 or ducal line are confined to the grand duchy of Brunswick-WoUen- 

 bttttel ; the younger or electoral line, by whom the kingly title was 

 in 1811, posterns the kingdom of Hanover, and is also 

 fi U> Brunswick-Luneburg, or Hanoverian line. The latter 

 K'*n king* to Great Britain since the commencement of the 

 8th century. Thi* article relate* wholly to the duchy of Bruns- 



TtM docby M at present divided into six circles, which, with their 

 -- and population, are a* follow*: 



Am U Squan Hues. 



114 



1*0 



sot 



SI* 



Pop. In Dec. 1842. 



09,701 



14,1 1 1 



i I 



M,M 



listing of the principalities of Wolffiibiittel and Blankenburg, the 

 eocleaustical bailiwick of Walkenried, the bailiwick of Thedinghausen, 

 aad other isolated parcels of land, together with four-fifths of the 

 sovereignty of the Lower Han. 



The northern dwtricU of Brunswick, particularly the principality 

 of Wolfcnbiittel, have an undulating surface, intersected by several 

 ranges of hills, and there are also some forest* : at their northern 

 extremity heaths and moors occur. The southern districts, including 

 the Blaukenburg territory, which lie within the limit* of the Han, 

 are a succession of highlands and mountains, in part well wooded, and 

 furrowed by wide and highly-cultivated valleys. The Han ia the 

 principal mountain range in the Brunswick dominions ; it amounts to 

 104,000 acres, independently of its offset*. The loftiest summit* 

 within the duchy are the Wormberg, which is 2880 feet, the K.-I 

 l'.-ix 2317 feet, the Forstertriinke 2298 feet, and the RammeUberg 

 1914 feet high. Throughout the duchy the surface gradually declines 

 from this range towards the north, the larger portion sloping to the 

 banks of the Weser, and the remainder eastward in the direction of 

 the Elbe. 



The soil in the north is highly productive, with the exception of 

 the extreme borders, which belong to the great Luneburg plain, 

 though even here it does not degenerate into mere drift-sand or barren 

 heaths. In the south the country is mountainous and of a stony cha- 

 ncier, which is particularly observable of the Blankenburg districts ; 

 >ut in WolfiMiUiittel and Scheppetut'idt, and next the Weser and 

 ine, it admits of profitable cultivation. Thedinghausen consist* 

 wrtly of marsh and partly of high land. The most unproductive tract 

 n Brunswick occurs in the bailiwick of Ottenstein, in the Holzminden 

 circle. 



The whole of that part of the Harz which is comprised within the 

 Brunswick territory belongs to the region of the Lower Harz ; UK- 

 highest point is on the north-east edge of the most southerly districts, 

 whence it spreads not only over the entire principality of Blanken- 

 burg, but sends out its branches, though not alway in an unbroken 

 line, over most parts of the duchy. These mountains contain the 

 bulk of the woods and forests of Brunswick ; the higher regions of the 

 Harz are exclusively the regions of the fir and pine ; the less elevated 

 have these species of wood intermixed with underwood ; and the lowest 

 acclivities abound in oaks, beeches, birches, alders, &c. 



The most considerable river in the duchy, the Weser, flows for 

 about twenty miles through its western territory (where it ia navi- 

 gable), and again through the district of Thedinghausen, which lies 

 about 14 miles S.E. from the city of Bremen. Among its tributaries, 

 the Aller traverse* a small portion of the northern district of 

 felde only, but in its course receives the Ocker, the principal river of 

 the northern half of Brunswick, and is very useful to the duchy a* a 

 means of transporting timber. Other tributaries of the Aller are the 

 Leine, which divides the Harz from the Weser districts ; the Fuse, 

 which traverses the western extremity of Wolfenbiittel ; and thu 

 Innerste, which rises in the Han, and passes into the Hil.l 

 ritory. The chief streams which discharge their water* into the Elbe 

 or its tributaries are the Ohre and Bode. The Bode is the principal 

 river of Blankenburg. 



Brunswick contains a great number of ponds. The Wipperteich, 

 near Vorafelde, is still the largest of them, although a considerable 

 portion of it has been reclaimed. There are mineral springs of some 

 note at Helmstedt and near Seesen on the Harz, and sulphuretted 

 waters near Bisperode and Beramgen. The great morass which 

 formerly extended from the Ocker to the Bode has been drained by 

 the navigable canal which now unites those rivers. 



The valleys between the mountain range* of the southern and 

 western parts of Brunswick are by no means so favourable to the 

 mrowth of grain as the rich lands in the vicinity of the Weser and 

 Leine. The eastern highlands also, being too cold and stony for agri- 

 cultural purposes, are used for grazing and supplying timber; but 

 the northern part of Brunswick, where the sand usually acquires con- 

 sistency from the presence of loam or mould, yields good crops of 

 most kinds of grain. The country is seldom parched by excessive 

 heat, and winter is usually limited to three months* duration in the 

 northern districts ; and even in the southern the atmosphere is cold 

 and exposed to storms only among the mountain regions of the Harz. 

 In the northern, harvest l>egins in the third week of July ; and in the 

 southern it is not above fourteen days later. 



The agricultural product* comprise wheat, rye, barley, oate, hay, 

 common fruits, beans and pew, potatoes, tobacco, hops, rape-seed, 

 chicory, and flax. 



Horse* apd horned cattle are numerous, but of rather inferior breed. 

 Great attention is paid to the rearing of sheep, and wool in an import- 

 ant article of the commerce of the duchy. Of goat* and poultry the 

 supply is *canty. Great numbers of bee-hives are kept in the sandy 

 dirtricts where heath grow*. Fresh-water fish, such as carp, pike, 

 and trout, are plentiful 



The woods and forest* are placed under the control of a public 

 board. Their most extensive sites are the districts of the Harz, 

 Blankenburg, and the Weser, where the felling and preparing of 

 nber, and the working it into utensils and for other domestic pur- 

 POBB*, employ a va*t number of hands. The most common ki 

 wood are beech, fir, pine, and oak. 



