1C9 



BRUNSWICK. 



BRUSA. 



170 



The mines of Brunswick are of two classes; one class comprising 

 such as are worked in conjunction with Hanover (Communion-Harz), 

 and the other independently of it. The mines of the Upper Harz 

 yield small quantities of gold and silver, and are rich in iron, copper, 

 lead, litharge, zinc, vitriol, sulphur, and salt. These mines aro under 

 the direction of a joint board at Goslar. The independent mines lie 

 on the Lower Harz, in the principality of Blankenburg, near Seesen, 

 and the district of the Weser ; their principal produce is iron. Other 

 mineral products are marble (near Blankenburg), alabaster, limestone 

 and gypsxim, potter's-clay, asbestos, serpentine, agate, jasper, chal- 

 cedony, garnets, porphyry, sandstone, freestone, coal, and alum. There 

 are several saltworks. Cobalt and ochre are obtained from the 

 Rammelsberge mines in the Upper Harz. 



The peasantry use the Low German, and the townspeople and per- 

 sons of education the High German dialect. For higher education 

 the youth of Brunswick frequent the neighbouring university of G/ot- 

 tingen, into which 40 Brunswick students are admitted gratuitously, 

 the duchy contributing a small portion of the professors' stipends. 

 At the head of her own educational establishments in Brunswick, arc 

 a lyceum, conducted by 19 professors, and frequented by pupils from 

 the higher classes of society ; an anatomical and surgical institute ; 

 a gymnasium ; and other schools. There are gymnasia also in Wolf- 

 enbiittel, Heltn.-itedt, Blankenburg, and Holzminden. For the poorer 

 classes there are schools of industry, civic schools, and above 400 

 parochial schools in the duchy. There is a public library at Wolfen- 

 biittel, containing upwards of 200,000 volumes and 10,000 manu- 

 scripts, &c., besides libraries and cabinets in the capital and in other 

 towns. 



The constitution of Brunswick is a limited monarchy, the form of 

 which is determined by the national compact of the 12th of October, 

 1832. The sovereignty passes to the female upon the failure of the 

 male line, and the heir-apparent comes of legal age on attaining 

 his eighteenth year. The legislature is composed of the duke, an 

 upper chamber consisting of 6 prelates and 78 holders of equestrian 

 estates ; and a lower chamber, composed of 6 prelates, 19 deputies 

 from towns (C from Brunswick and one from every other town), and 

 oa many representatives of the landholders, who do not possess eques- 

 trian rights. During the prorogation of the chambers, a permanent 

 committee of representatives acts as a legislative organ. The legisla- 

 ture must be assembled once at least every three years in the month 

 of November. The taxes are voted for periods of three years ; and 

 every point connected with the finances, and indeed with the admi- 

 nistration of national affairs, is more or less under the cognisance and 

 control of the legislature. All Christian persuasions enjoy an equality 

 of civil rights. The property of the church, schools, and charitable 

 endowments cannot be diverted from its original destination, nor can 

 it be incorporated with the property of the state. 



There are provincial boards hi each circle for ita local government 

 and police. 



The revenue is derived from the ducal demesnes, monopolies, &c., 

 and the direct and indirect taxes. The income of Brunswick for the 

 financial period 1852-54 is estimated at 4,052,500 thalers, and the 

 expenditure at the same amount. For public instruction, church 

 aid*, and benevolent institutions, the sum of 421,000 thalers, derived 

 from property belonging to religious communities and schools, is 

 allotted during the same period. The public debt amounted in Sep- 

 tember 1845 to 9,469,457 thalers, 3,725,000 of which were borrowed 

 for the construction of railroads. Brunswick is a member of the 

 German Zollverein, or Customs Union, the receipts from which on its 

 frontiers in 1851 amounted to 393,618 thalers, in 1852 to 404,501 

 thalers. 



The military establishment consists of an infantry corps, numbering 

 4857 men in time of war and 2476 in timo of peace, with an artillery 

 force of 502 in time of war and 244 in time of peace. By a military 

 convention made with Prussia in December 1849, the Brunswick 

 brigade is joined to the Prussian division in garrison at Magdeburg. 



The mineral resources of Brunswick afford extensive employment 

 for the labouring classes ; but they are also extensively employed in the 

 spinning of yarn and weaving of linen. About 5000 tons of flax are 

 annually grown. The linen manufacture however has greatly declined 

 of late years. In the districts nearest the Weser the people knit 

 considerable quantities of stockings ; and in the northern parts the 

 peasantry make for their own use a species of linsey-woolsey called 

 ' beiderwand." Seed-oil is an important product of the lowlands, 

 averaging 1200 tons a year. Other industrial products are paper, 

 plaster-of- Paris, lime, tiles, pottery, pipes, china, glass, soap, ribbons, 

 beer, and tobacco. The manufacture of woollens is small, and princi- 

 pally carried on at Brunswick. The number of water-mills ia 284, 

 wind-mill* 63, and mills worked by horses 6 : besides these, Bruns- 

 wick possesses 51 saw and other mills. 



The duchy having no coast or navigable streams, its trade with 

 foreign parts is naturally cramped ; but the introduction of railroads 

 connecting Brunswick and Wolfenbiittel with the principal towns and 

 ports of Germany ha* given a great impulse to commerce. The chief 

 articles of home manufacture which are exported consist of yarn, 

 linen, grain, oil, chicor leather, timber, hops, and ironware. 



The importations are principally composed of colonial produce, raw 

 materials, fish, butter, cheese, cattle, 4c. 



The chief towns in Brunswick are those which give name to the 

 several circles. BRUNSWICK the capital and WOLFENBUTTEL are 

 described in separate articles. Ifelmttedt, a walled town with 

 suburbs, is situated near the Prussian frontier, 22 miles E. by S. from 

 Brunswick, and has about 6000 inhabitants. It was formerly strongly 

 fortified, but the outworks have been levelled, the ditches filled, and 

 their sites converted into walks planted with trees. The girding wall 

 still remains, through which four gates lead into the town, an old 

 looking place. It contains however several small squares, two Lutheran 

 churches, of which that of St. Stephen is the finest, an orphan asylum, 

 a town-hall, and the former university building now used as a court- 

 house. The university founded in 1575 was suppressed in 1809 by 

 Jerome Bonaparte, and a part of the library transferred to Gottingen. 

 It has still a college and training school. The town is a place of some 

 manufacturing and commercial activity : flannel, soap, hats, grain spirits, 

 vinegar, leather, pipes, &c. are made : coal mines are worked in the 

 neighbourhood, Ifolzminden, 56 miles S.W. from Brunswick, on the 

 right bank of the Weser at the foot of the Soiling mountains, ia a 

 small but well-built town, with a comparatively large suburb called 

 Altendorf, and about 4000 inhabitants. The town is a busy industrious 

 hive, turning out a great variety of products iron and steel wares, 

 hosiery, flannel, linen, linen-thread, paper, leather, &c. There aro 

 saw-mills, paper-mills, oil-mills, a hydraulic engine for cutting and 

 polishing the flags brought from quarries of the Soiling, and iron 

 works. The Brunswick tolls for the passage of the Weser are paid at 

 Holzminden, which is also a port of entry for colonial and other 

 produce required for Brunswick and the neighbouring parts of 

 Germany. (Jandenheim, near the Hanoverian frontier, 37 miles S.W. 

 from Brunswick, is a small place with about 2000 inhabitants. It has 

 a ducal residence, but the most remarkable building is the former 

 abbey of Gandershein, of which the abbess was always a member of 

 the house of Brunswick. The town and former principality of 

 Blankenburg are noticed in a separate article. [BLANKENBURG.] 



BRUNSWICK, the capital of the Duchy of Brunswick, is situated 

 on the Ocker, 37 miles by railway E.S.E. from Hanover, 85 miles 

 W. by N. from Magdeburg, in 52 16' N. lat., 10 32' E. long., and has 

 about 42,000 inhabitants. It was founded by Henry the Lion. It 

 became one of the Hanse towns in the 13th century, and until the 

 middle of the 15th was accounted the chief town in Lower Saxony ; 

 but its prosperity declined with that of the Hanse towns. It is at 

 present the residence of the Dukes of Brunswick. The fortifications 

 were levelled in 1794, and converted into promenades. The area of 

 the town, which includes Richmond, the duke's country seat, Eisen- 

 biittel, and the Miinzberg, occupies about eight square miles. The 

 town contains some new streets, but the greater part of it is old 

 looking. The streets are well lighted and paved. Among its 12 

 churches are the cathedral, in which are monuments to Henry the 

 Lion and Matilda his consort, and the vault of the ducal family ; and 

 St. Andrew's, the steeple of which is 316 feet high. The chief public 

 buildings are the new palace, house of legislative assembly, mint, 

 arsenal, opera-house, town-hall, Collegium-Carolinum, and general and 

 lying-in hospital. Between the Augustus and Steinthore gates an 

 obelisk 60 feet high is erected to the memory of the two dukes of Bruns- 

 wick who fell in the campaigns of 1806 and 1815. The establishments 

 for education consist of the college, a gymnasium, and seminary for 

 teachers, a college of anatomy and surgery, two orphan asylums, and 

 a deaf and dumb asylum. There is a good museum in the arsenal. 

 Brunswick has 7 gates and 12 squares or open spaces. A fine avenue 

 of lime-trees leads from the town to the duke's seat, Richmond, the 

 grounds of which are laid out in imitation of Richmond Park near 

 London. The principal manufactures aro woollens, lineu, lackered 

 and hard ware, tobacco, chicory, mineral colours, sealingwax, china, 

 papier macho, leather, coloured papers, brandy, and liqueurs. Bruns- 

 wich has an important wool-market ; its once celebrated annual fairs 

 are now of little account. 



BRUNSWICK. [MAINE.] 



BRUNSWICK, NEW. [NEW BRUNSWICK.] 



BRUNTISLAND. [BURNTISLAND.] 



BRU'SA, PRU'SA, BU'RSA, or BROUSSA, a celebrated town in 

 the ancient province of Bithynia, in Asia Minor, stands in 40 11' N. 

 lat., 29 26' E. long., at the northern base of the Bithynian Olympus, 

 in a most picturesque and fertile country. Prusa is mentioned by 

 Strabo (p. 564, Cos.) as a well-governed town, situated near the 

 Mysian Olympus, which is the same as the Bithynian. Strabo 

 (p. 564) says that Prusa was founded by Prusias, who carried on war 

 against Crossus. Pliny (' Hist. Nat.,' v. 32) says that it was built by 

 Hannibal, alluding to the time when he was staying at the court of 

 Prusias, king of Bithynia. The town rose to importance only after 

 its capture by Orkhiin, the son and successor of Osma"n, the first 

 sultan of the Osmanlis, who took it by capitulation a few weeks before 

 the death of his father, in A.D. 1326. Prusa surrendered after a 

 blockade of ten years, effected by means of two castles which Osmiin 

 built in the immediate neighbourhood of the town, one of which, the 

 castle of Balabanjik, is still standing. 



Brusa became the residence of Orkhan, and this sultan, as well as 

 Muntd I., Bayaztd I., and Mohammed I., and several Turkish princes 

 were buried in the new capital. It continued to be the capital of the 

 Turkish empire to the capture of Constantinople in 1453, though 



