liUCKINOHAMSllIlli:. 



BUDA. 



1-1 



T!M county U divitMd b the 



IW-Uv Cnilri-ti-r- into ama Union. : AnMnham. Ayleabury. 



u v,*J*4Wj U 



tor-Law UnkMM BeboVlM partak*. and townahipa, with an area of 

 SMLOM MM. and population in 1861 of 14S,(MT ; but th. boun- 

 n** of UM Union, are ** Mriotly coequal with tboM of the county. 

 Bliiikllrtrr-'-'- i* t the Norfolk circuit. The Lent and rammer 

 ,Ldtk.qrt- Mta. for th. oouoly are held at Ayl-bury, 



when also it thi mate jail County court* are held at Ayleebury, 

 STVpi.-U. and fcigb Wyoomba Th. county 



___ ib. to tli. Imprial TarUanMnt. on. having been 



added by UM Kef arm Bill AyUebury U th* chief pUoe of the county 

 liotira Two member* are ntarned for the hundred of Ayle.bi.ry 

 (MM right of votfmr for the borough of Aylesbury having been thrown 

 v> the frechoklen of the hundred), and two each for the 



of BnAmgham. High Wroombe, and Marlow. 

 Bi**rf u* A*tii*iti*. Camden and moet other antiquarie* 

 hare included Buckinghamshire, and probably with good reason, in 

 th* territory of th. CatymchUoi or Catuellani. [BRITANNIA.] \VI,,-i, 

 UM P-m**". under the command of Aulut Plautiu*, in the time of 

 the eaiMiil Claudius, *eriouly undertook the conquest of Britain, 

 It ha been nmeiile)l by some that Buckinghamshire wat the seat of 



eccutict, and that in a battle within iU border*, Togodumnu*, one of 

 UM British dutfr""*. wa* alain. It i* more likely however that the 

 rtailh of Tafodumnu* occurred in the marshes of Essex, near the 

 oath of the Thames. When South Britain was subdued by the 

 Roman* and divided into province*, Buckinghamshire was included 

 u, KUvia CwarictuU. Several of the ancient British and Roman 

 road* uroawid thU county. The Watling Street coincide* with the 

 parliamentary and mail-coach road to Holyhead in that part of it 

 which run* from Brickhill to Stony Stratford through this county. 

 The Ikening. Ikeneld, or Icknield Street runs along the edge of the 

 ChOtarn Hula, and a road run* nearly parallel to it under the hills, 

 t~)\~* by UM country people 'the Lower Acknell Way.' The 

 tseiaen Street ciuseml this county abo, but it* direction is uncertain. 

 Of Roman station* some notice hat been already taken. The Magio- 

 vinium of Antoninus was probably at Fenny Stratford ; Lactodorum, 

 which Camden fixe, at Stony Stratford, and Pontes, which he fixes at 

 Colnbrook, are placed by more modern antiquaries at stations beyond 

 UM limit, of R~HngK-nAi> ; namely, Lactodorum, at Towcester 

 in Northamptonshire, and Pontea, at Staine. in Middlesex. There 

 are wvwal ancient camp* or earth-work* in the county, chiefly near 

 UM edg. of UM Chiltern* or the course of the Thames. There is an 

 " i-work at EUeaborough, on the ridge of the Chiltern*, in one 

 of which U a high circular mound or keep 80 paces in circutn- 

 called Castle Hill, or Kimble Cattle. The name of the 

 village* of Kimble (Great and Little) was written in ancient 

 records Kynebel or CunobeL 



In the civil war* in the reign* of Stephen and John, Buckinghamshire 

 wa* the soafM of contort, but not of any marked event Hanslope 

 Cacti*. Mar Stony Stratford, held for the barons against John by it* 

 owner, wa. taken by the king 1 * favourite, Fulk de Brent, A.D. 1216 or 

 1S17. la UM great civil war between Charles I. and his Parliament, 

 UM village of Brill wa* garri*oned by the king. Upon this garrUoi 

 UM parbamentary force* under Harnpden made aome uniuccewfu 

 atUmpU. Ayleabury Menu at this time to have been held by the 

 Parliament In 1448 the Parliamentarians under tho Earl of Essex 

 were quartered at different places in the county. Prince Rupert 



by snrpria* their quarter* at Wycombe and another place 

 aad took several prisoner*. The opposite party pursued him in his 

 retreat at Oxford ; and it wa* in a skirmish which took place on this 

 oootjrion that Hampden received hi* death-wound. In 1644 tho kinf 

 had hi* head-quarter* at Buckingham. In the aame year Bontal 

 HaiM* hi this county, " reputed a strong place," *ay* Lord Clarendon 

 'ooed by th. Royalist party, who thought it right to with 

 i garriaun* which were too far distant from Oxford. 

 _ham i* not by any means rich in antiquities. Of tho 

 baroaial ea*J*of the feudal age there are scarcely any remain*; some 

 earth-work* aluoe acrve to mark the site* of those at Lavendon, near 

 OkMjr, and WUtcfanrch, between Aylribury and liuckiiigham, and o 



* " Stratford. Tho remains o 



ious establishment* are bu 

 very (mall remain, of Burnham Abbey, 

 Abbey. Of MuModen Abbey, part of the cloisters 

 nrnaia, having groined arch*, rating on pillar., with enriched capitals 

 IB UM Herman etyla. There an more considerable remain* of Nolle 

 AbUy. which .. BOW converted into a farm house. The buildings 

 three aid*, of a quadrangle. On UM south aid. U the hal 

 loos; by M tot (Marly) wide, now uad a* a barn : the .tyl 

 M&Uag appear* to be the early Encliah. On tho west d 

 aT.UMbufldfaBnoftLfarm.bouM, In theJatw EogliA rtyle ; nm 

 part wa* probably built after UM diawlution. Part of UM monastery 

 of MurwUy (or 8t Margaret), in UM pariah of Ivinghoe, i* yet 



of aariy date, SUwkley, btwe*u Window and 



WIMJ , * IMMMMma, WV*W^HI AViesDUTV I 



H.BaVr.11. 0**4K OatUiboriM, Ma/Stony Ht 

 Uboiid^brio nf ingtot,variou.rrilgio, 

 Htary. TWre an MOM very email remain. < 



loo Bonard (BsdfnrrLOUr*), i* a good Norman structure, with 

 of UM AtriHtrtrtle Norman carving. The porch on the couth 

 md the pma*M* of UM short q.iare tower, which is between 



nave and chancel, have been added since it* erection. Other 

 [ample* of the Norman period occur at Hanslope ; Leckhampstead ; 

 ring j High Wyoombe ; Stanton Bury near Stony Stratford ; the 

 eserted church of Upton, near Colnbrook ; Water Stratford, near 

 uckingham ; and Dinton, near Aylcebury : a few other churches have 



ome portion* of Norman architecture. Of the early English style the 

 xamples are more abundant Chetwodo church, near Buckingham, 

 ormerly the church of the priory of Austin Canons, may be considered 



a* coeval with the foundation of the priory, A.D. 1244. This church 



contain* aome of the moet ancient and elegant specimens of stained 

 las* to be found in the kingdom. LUliugstouv Dayrell, and C<>1<1 

 tradfield are also excellent example* of this style. Many of the 

 tiurche* have portion* of early English work. In examples of the 

 ecoratod style the upper part of the county i* very rich. Clifton 

 ieyneo, Emberton, Olney, and Great Horwood are excellent specimens 

 f the style ; in the lower part Chesham Boio, and the south aisle 

 f North Marston, are the best example*. Of perpendicular churches 



rt.rn.ming the best are Maids Morton and Willewlon, portions of North 

 ,'rawley, and the chancel of North Maraton; the tower of Maid* 

 lorton ha* interesting features ; the chapel of Eton College aUo has 

 ome very good portions. 



In 1851 there were four savings bank* in the county, at Aylesbury, 

 iuckingham, Newport Pagnell, and High Wycombe. The amount 

 wing to depositors on November 20th 1851 was 138,689/. 3*. 

 BUCKLAND. [DEVONBHIRK.] 

 BUCKOWINE. [BnKowiNA.] 



BUDA, BUDIN, or OPEN, a city on the right bank of the Danube, 

 u the Hungarian county of Peath, is united with the city of Pesth, 



which lies on the left bank of that river, by a bridge of boat* about 

 1800 feet in length, and by a chain bridge recently erected by an 

 i\glih engineer. Tho two town* (called conjointly Buda-l'esth) 

 constitute the metropolis of Hungary and neat of government Buda 

 s 130 miles in a straight line but above 150 mile* by railway through 

 > resburg and Waitzen S.E. from Vienna. It U built round the 

 ichloasberg in the midst of a mountainous and picturesque country. 

 !t U about nine miles in circuit, and contains about 33,000 inha- 

 jitant*. The central part of Buda is called the Fortress ; it rises on 

 all sides round the acclivities of the Schlossberg, and U inclosed at iU 

 out by walls and bastions ; thence it spreads out into five suburb*. 

 To the south of the town there is a lofty eminence called the lilocks- 

 >erg, on the summit of which an observatory is built The Fortress, 

 which occupies about a twelfth part of the entire area of Buda, is laid 

 out on a regular plan, and contains handsome buildings and spacious 

 squares. The most remarkable buildings are the royal palace, a vast 

 structure fronting the river in which the Palatine, or viceroy, of Hun- 

 gary resided ; the Church of the Assumption ; the garrison ckufch ; 

 :he house of assembly for the states ; the arsenal ; the town-hall ; and 

 the several buildings for the various departments of the business of 

 the state. Buda contain* altogether twelve Roman Catholic churches, 

 several monasteries, one Greek church, and a synagogue. It posseoaes 

 a royal gymnasium, a Roman Catholic high school, several libraries, 

 a school of design, several other educational establishments, a theatre, 

 and many charitable institutions. The observatory, which stands in 

 47 29' 12" N. lat, 19 2' 45" E. long., U supplied with the finest 

 instruments and apparatus. The isle of Marguerite which U laid out 

 as a garden, and the sulphurous warm-bath* in various parts of the 

 suburbs, are particularly deserving of mention. From one of tho hot 

 sulphur spring*, which mark* 1171 " Fahrenheit's thermometer, the 

 German name Ofcn (oven) i* derived. Buda is the Hungarian and 

 Budin the Slavonic name of the town. 



Buda manufacture* a little silk and velvet, leather, some cottons, 

 and woollen*. It possesses also a cannon-foundry, copper-foundries, 

 a gunpowder-manufactory, a silk spinning-mill, an extensive type- 

 foundry, and a tobacco-manufactory. The trade of the town princi- 

 pally consist* in the wine* produced by the vineyards in the environ*, 

 to the annual amount of about 4,500,000 gallons. This wine, which 

 resemble* Burgundy and is well known under the name of ' Ofener- 

 Wein,' comes from the extensive vineyards belonging to the town 

 iUelf, which are said to cover an area of seventy square mile*. 



From some remain* of ancient buildings found at Alt-Ofen (a largo 

 market-town of 8000 inhabitant* close to Buda), it has been inferred 

 that a Roman town once occupied the spot, the name of which is 

 given a* Aquincum or Sicambrium. The *ite is probably ancient, 

 but the first beginning of the town of Buda wa* tho erection of a 

 fortress on the Schlostberg in A.D. 1 240. King Stephen and some other* 

 of the Hungarian king* occasionally resided in Buda. It was taken 

 in 1526 by Solyman the Magnificent, and retaken the following year 

 by Ferdinand of Bohemia. Solyman again took it in 1629, and it 

 remained in the hand* of the Turk* till 1686 when it was taken by 

 the Duke of Lorraine who blew up the cattle. This was subsequently 

 rebuilt by Maria Theresa. During the insurrection which followed 

 tho murder of the Imperial Commissioner Count Loin berg on the 

 bridge of Buda-Peith (Sept 28, 1848), Buda a* well as Pesth Buffered 

 much from the violence of civil war. Tho palace of the Palatine, the 

 Vienna gate of the town, with the bastions and parapet* of the fortress, 

 were all but demolished during the bombardment of the city by 

 Giirgey on the 17th, 18th, and 20th of May 1849. On tli<> '-'nth tli~- 

 city wa* stormed in consequence of the treachery of nn Italian 



