183 



BUITENZORG. 



BULGARIA. 



190 



The town of Builth consists chiefly of two streets which meet in an 

 acute angle, and thence form one street, extending along the road 

 towards Llandovery. The streets are narrow ; the town is irregularly 

 built, but having many rude old-fashioned houses it has a somewhat 

 picturesque appearance. Across the Wye is a handsome stone bridge 

 of six arches, erected in 1770 at the joint expense of the counties of 

 Radnor and Brecknock. The parish church, dedicated to St. Mary, 

 was with the exception of the tower, which is ancient, rebuilt in 1793. 

 About two miles south from Builth is a new church for the parish of 

 Llandew-yr-Cwm. The Baptists, Independents, and Calviuistic and 

 Wesleyan Methodists have chipels in Builth. There is a Free school 

 for 38 boys and 12 girls. The market-day is Monday. Fairs are held 

 on January 27th, October 2nd, and December 6th, for agricultural 

 produce and general wares. A county court is held in the town. 

 About a mile from the town are mineral springs, called Park Wells, 

 which on account of their medicinal qualities are visited in summer 

 by invalids in considerable numbers. The river Wye and its tribu- 

 taries contain excellent trout and salmon, and Builth is much resorted 

 to by anglers. The scenery around the town is very beautiful. 



(Jones, History of Bncknockghire ; Cliffe, Book of South Wales ; 

 Land We Lire In, voL I., the Wye.) 



BUITEXZORG. [JAVA.] 



BUJEIAH. [ALGERIE.] 



BUK.OWINA, sometimes written Buckowine, formerly a Bub- 

 division uf Austrian Galieia, has been constituted a crownland of 

 the Austrian empire by the Imperial Patent of December 31, 1851. 

 It is bounded N. and N.W. by Galieia, E. and S. by Moldavia, and 

 S.W. by Transylvania. Its greatest length from the Dniester, which 

 forms the northern boundary to the Moldavian frontier, is about 

 95 miles ; its greatest breadth from the junction of the Rakitna with 

 the Pruth on the eastern border to the Czeremosz on the wait near 

 48 N. lat., 25 E. long., is about 73 miles. The area, according to 

 the imperial cadastral returns of 1S50, is 4014 square miles, and the 

 population, according to the census of 1850-1 was 380,826. 



The surface is almost entirely covered by high mountain ranges, 

 offsets of the Carpathian chain. It belongs entirely to the basin 

 of the Danube, with the exception of a narrow strip along 

 the Dniester. A great number of rivers take their rise in the Buko- 

 wina, the largest of which are the Czeremosz before mentioned, the 

 Sereth, the Suczawa (a feeder of the Sereth), and the Moldawa. The 

 Bistricza, a feeder of the Moldawa, crosses the southern angle of the 

 Bukowiua ; and the Pruth traverses the northern district Along 

 most of the rivers there is a good breadth of fertile land ; but in 

 many parts they flow through large marshes. The district between 

 the Pruth and the Dniester is almost entirely covered with oak 

 forests. In the rest of the crowulaud there are extensive forests of 

 pine, fir, beech, and common woods. There is comparatively but a 

 small proportion of the surface adapted for agriculture ; but this is 

 not neglected where the soil admits of it Corn and potatoes are 

 grown ; al&o flax, hemp, and pul><e. Horned cattle are reared in 

 considerable numbers. Honey and wax are important products. 

 But a large proportion of the male population is engaged in wood- 

 cutting and mining. The mineral products are silver, lead, salt, 

 copper, and iron. Particles of gold are found in the sands of the 

 Bistricza. The industrial establishments comprise metal foundries 

 and smelting furnaces, salterns, glass-works, potash factories, and 

 brandy distilleries. 



The Bukowina formed, until the patent above mentioned was issued, 

 the circle of Czernowicz, in the eastern part of Galieia. Its chief 

 town is Czenunoicz (pronounced Tclternowitch), which is situated on a 

 hill on the right bank of the Pruth, 147 miles S.E. from Lemberg, 

 and has about 7000 inhabitants. The town is the residence of a 

 Greek bishop and a Greek consistory : it has a Greek cathedral and 

 several other churches; a college; manufactures of clocks, silver plate, 

 hardware, and carriages ; and an active trade with Germany, Moldavia, 

 and Wallachia. Among the other towns may be mentioned Suczawa, 

 situated 43 miles S. from Czeruowicz on the river Suczawa, near the 

 eastern fronti'T, which has four churches, a gymnasium, a synagogue, 

 and about 5000 inhabitants ; and Sereth, also on the eastern frontier, 

 and about midway between Czernowicz and Suczawa. Sereth stands 

 on the river of the same name, and has three churches and about 

 i habitants. 



The princijial roads of the Bukowina diverge from Czernowicz; 

 >rth-westward up the valley of the Pruth leading to Lemberg, 

 and another southward near the eastern frontier through Sereth and 

 Suczawa, whence it runs west up the valley of the Moldawa and 

 the Carpathians by the Borgo Pass to Bistritz, in Transylvania, 

 Bukowiua was included in Dacia; it fell successively under the 

 Goths, Sarmatiaus, and Hungarians. Under the sway of the 

 Hungarian kings it formed a dependency of Transylvania till the 15th 

 century, when it was ceded to Turkey and iucorporated with Mol- 

 davia. In 1777 it was ceded by Turkey to the empress Maria 

 Theresa, goviTiird for a few years by military regulations, and then 

 anne.- la in 1786. 



J! I LAMA. [BiSBAOos.] 



BL'I.GIAIUA, a country of Turkey in Europe, is bounded N. by 

 the Danube, which separates it from the principalities of Wallachia 

 and Moldavia, and from the Russian province of Bessarabia ; E. by 



the Black Sea ; S. by the crests of the Emineh and Khojah Balkan ; and 

 W. by the principality of Servia, from which it is partially divided by 

 the Timok, a feeder of the Danube. The area is above 32,000 squaro 

 miles, and the population according to the estimate of 1844 was 

 about 3,000,000, the majority of whom are adherents of the Greek 

 Church. The area is thus distributed, as nearly as we can ascertain : 

 Pashalic of Silistria, including the territory of Varna, 13,000 square 

 miles; pashalic of Nieopoli, 10,000 square miles ; pashalic of Widdin, 

 4500 square miles ; and a portion of the pashalic of Sophia, 4500 

 square miles. These divisions however do not coincide with the present 

 Turkish divisions of Bulgaria, which are Widdiii, Nich or Nissa, and 

 SilistrfS. We retain however the old divisions in our maps. 



The Danube runs with many windings, but in the general form of 

 a bow, with the convex side towards Bulgaria, all along the northern 

 boundary to the mouth of the Sereth, whence it turns to the eastward 

 and enters the Black Sea by several mouths. [BESSARABIA ; DANUBE.] 

 Reckoning all its windings the river flows along the province for not 

 less than 500 miles, and is navigable for steamers and large vessels 

 all the way. It forms numerous small islands in its course and a 

 delta at its mouth ; and on both sides of the river at intervals are 

 extensive marshes, which in the dry season are very unhealthy and 

 infested by mosquitoes. 



The Balkan Mountains, the ancient Hsemus, rise on the southern 

 frontier to about 6000 feet above the sea. They sink down rapidly 

 on the south side ; on the north the slope is more gradual. The 

 chain is traversed by many defiles and passes. [BALKAN.] From 

 its crest numerous ramifications extend northward to the plain of the 

 Danube. These offsets are generally well wooded or covered with 

 rich pasture ; and they are separated by valleys or small plains 

 drained by feeders of the Danube. The principal of these rivers, 

 commencing on the Servian frontier and proceeding eastward, are 

 the Timok, the Ogust, the Skitul, and the Isker, which cross tho 

 pashalic of Widdin ; the Wid, the Osma, the Jantro (which passes 

 the town of Tirnova), and the Lorn, which traverse the pashalic of 

 Nikopoli, sometimes called the sanjak of Rustchuk ; and the Driata, 

 the Taman or Jemurlu, and the Kara-Su, which drain that part of 

 the pashalic of Silistria which belongs to the basin of the Danube. 

 The Kamtchik, which rises west of the Selimno Pass of the Balkan, 

 flows eastward through a longitudinal valley between parallel ranges 

 of the Balkan, and enters the Black Sea between Cape Emineh and 

 the port of Varna. In the mountains that screen the valley of the 

 Kamtchik on the north is the town and fortress of Shumla. The 

 most important of the other tributaries of the Black Sea in Silistria 

 is the Parawadi, which passes through the marshy lakes of Devno 

 and falls into the port of Varna. The Parawadi River is identified 

 by General Jochmus in his ' Notes of a Journey to the Balkan ' 

 with the ancient Lyginos ; and the site of Alexander's battle with 

 the Triballi (B.C. 336) he cou.Uders to be the isthmus between 

 the two lakes of Devno, a little west of the village Buyuk- 

 Aladin. Not far from the same spot, but nearer Varna, is the site of 

 the great battle fought between the sultan Murad and King 

 Wladislaus in 1444. The site is easily identified by two large 

 mounds called Sandshak Te'pe' and Murad Tdp^. 



The coast of Bulgaria, or Silistria, from Cape Emineh, the 

 eastern extremity of the Balkan, to Cape Kalukria or Gulgrad Burun. 

 north of Varna, is generally high ; to the northward of this last 

 point the shore is for the most part flat, low, and marshy. The 

 most important places along this coast are the city, port, and fortress 

 of Varna, and the little town and roadstead of Kusteujeh, which is 

 only about 30 miles distant from the point where the Danube makes 

 the great bend to northward. It has been lately proposed to cut n 

 navigable canal across the isthmus, in order to avoid the tedious navi- 

 gation by the mouths of the Danube. Between the base of tha 

 Baba-Dagh, an elevated mass in the extreme north of Silistria, 

 and the sea lies the large lake of Rassein, or Razem, which is 

 35 miles long from north-west to south-east, and about 15 miles 

 wide where broadest. It is separated by a narrow strip of land from 

 the St -George mouth of the Danube, from which a little arm called 

 Dunavitz enters the lake. The lake itself communicates with the 

 Black Sea by two principal" channels called the Jalova and the 

 Portitcha mouths. On the west shore of the lake is the town of 

 Baba-JJagli, with 10,000 inhabitants, seven mosques, and extensive 

 salt-works. The fishery of the lake is important. At the northern 

 base of the Baba-Dagh range, and on the right bank of the Danube, is 

 the fortress of Issatscha, near which the Russians in 1828, and Darius 

 about 2300 years before them, passed the Danube. In consequence 

 of the Russians having neglected to keep the Suliua mouth of the 

 Danube in a navigable state, attention has been turned to the St.-George 

 mouth, which belongs to Silistria, but is by treaty open to all trading 

 vessels, and to the war ships of Austria and Russia. No vessel of 

 any size however can easily enter it, owing to the banks of mud 

 which have accumulated round its embouchure, and to the shallow- 

 ness of the stream from the deposits of the river. It has however 

 been lately surveyed with the view to make it navigable, and to free 

 the trade of countries along the lower Danube from the vexatious 

 regulations of the Russians. 



A considerable portion of the sanjak of Sophia, now called by the 

 Turks (we believe) the pashalic of Nich or Nissa, forms part of 



