205 



BUTTERHERE. 



BYBLUS. 



206 



of Pyrrhua the son of Achilles. (Justin, xvii.) After the conquest of 

 Epirus by the Romans, Buthrotum became a Roman colony. Pompo- 

 niua Atticus had an estate near Buthrotum, where he spent great part 

 of his time ; and both he and Cicero interested themselves in favour 

 of the Buthrotians, whose lands had baen confiscated and given away 

 to fresh colonists during the civil war. Under the Byzantine empire, 

 Buthrotum was a biabop's see suffragan to the archbishop of Lepanto. 

 It was afterwards ruined, probably at the Turkish invasion. The 

 Venetians, in their wars with the Turks, settled on this coast, and 

 built a square fort at the foot of the hill on the sea-side, where they 

 kept a garrison to protect their fisheries. Butrinto and Parga were 

 dependencies of the Venetian government of Corfu. The walls of the 

 Roman colony still exist, as well as remains of Hellenic and later works ; 

 statues, pillars, medals, and cameos have been found on the site. In 

 1797, after the fall of the Venetian republic, the French put a garrison 

 in the fort of Butrinto, but in the following year Ali Pasha drove 

 them out of it. 



BUTTERMERE. [CUMBERLAND.] 



BUTTEVANT. [Cor.K.] 



BUXAR, a fortified town in the district of Shahabad, province of 

 Bahar, situated on the right bank of the QangeH, in 25 33' N. lat., 

 83 57' E. long., about 60 miles below the city of Benares. The fort 

 is built on an eminence which projects into the river ; the works are 

 kept in g<>od repair, and there is constantly an English garrison in it. 

 A signal victory was gained at this plnce on the 23rd of October 

 1764, by Major (afterwards Sir Hector) Munro, who opposed and 

 conquered a Mogul force of 40,000 men with an army of 856 European 

 and 6215 native troops. (Mill, History of British India.) 



BUXToX, Derbyshire, a market-town aud chapelry in the parish of 

 Bakewell and hundred of High Peak, is situated on the high road from 

 Derby to Manchester, in 53 15' N. lat., 1 52' W. long., distant 83 

 miles N.W. by N. from Derby, and 160 miles N.W. by N. from 

 London. The population of the chapelry of Buxton in 1851 was 1235. 

 The living of Buxton is a perpetual curacy in the archdeaconry of 

 I ' r'.iy and diocese of Lichfield. 



Buxton is situated in a deep valley or basin, surrounded by bleak 

 hills and extensive tracts of moorland. It would be entirely environed 

 with mountains but for the narrow ravine down which the river Wye 

 flowa on its way to the Derwnt, parallel to the high road which leads 

 to Bakewell. Chee Tor, a perpendicular and stupendous rock of 

 limestone, 360 feet high, is situated near the village of Wormhill, and 

 about five miles from Buxton. A little east, tho lofty peaks of Win- 

 bill and Loschill may be distinguished by their form from all the 

 mountains in the county. Extensive woods and plantations now 

 clothe the sides and summits of many of the neighbouring hills. 



The mineral springs at this place appear to have been known to the 

 Romans. Buxton was a watering place in the 16th century. The 

 baths were connected with a shrine, on which visiters for health pre- 

 sented their offerings. After the suppression of religious houses, 

 these offerings were removed, and the baths locked and sealed up for 

 a time. In Qupcn Elizabeth's time however they had more than 



pp. 215-221. There were in fact excellent and commodious buildings 

 provided for visiters even in the 16th century. From Camden's time 

 till now Buxton seems to have maintained and even increased its 

 popularity. Additions and improvements have been made at different 

 times ; but the most important have been those carried into effect by 

 the late and the present Duke of Devonshire. Buxton old town stands 

 upon much higher ground than the new, and has still the remains of 

 a cross in the centre of the market-place. The main street is wide, 

 and contains a few good inns and lodging-houses, but the buildings in 

 general are old and mean. The new part of the town may be said 

 to begin at the Crescent and to stretch along the Bakewell road, the 

 buildings of which form a handsome entrance to the town on that side. 



The Crescent at Buxton is in the form of the segment of a circle. 

 The basement story is a rustic arcade forming a piazza 7 feet wide 

 within. Over the arches a balustrade runs along the whole building. 

 Above the piers are Doric pilasters that support an ornamemtal 

 architrave and cornice, which is terminated by another balustrade, 

 in the centre of which are placed the arms of the Cavendish family. 

 This extensive and elegant structure is three stories high ; the 

 span of the Crescent is 200 feet ; and each wing measures 58 feet, 

 making the whole extent of the front 316 feet; it contains 378 

 windows. In it are comprised two hotels, a library, an assembly- 

 room 75 feet long, and a news-room, besides the baths and a few 

 private residences. 



At the west end of the Crescent and nearly adjoining it is the old 

 hull, erected in the reign of Elizabeth by the Earl of Shrewsbury, in 

 whose cnrtody Mary, queen of Scots, was placed. In one of her visits 

 ixton Mary occupied apartments in this building, which are 

 still shnwn as hers. The house was considerably enlarged in 1670. 

 The public baths at Buxton are very numerous, and are fitted up 

 with every attention to the convenience of the visiters. The well from 

 which the watr is supplied to those who resort to Buxton is in a 

 mall building in the style of a Grecian temple, in front of the west 



wing of the Crescent. In the centre of this building, called St. Ann's 

 Well, is a white marble basin, into which the water issues from the 

 :pring. By the side of this basin is a double pump, from which 

 either hot or cold water may be procured within a few inches of each 

 other. The water flows at the rate of CO gallons a minute. Besides 

 what is properly called the Buxtou water there is a chalybeate spring 

 of a rough strong taste issuing from a chalky stratum on the north 

 side of the river Wye, over which a neat stono structure has been 

 erected by the Duke of Devonshire. Mixed with the other this water 

 proves purgative. A conduit for supplying the inhabitants with pure 

 water for domestic purposes waa constructed at the expense of the 

 Duke of Devonshire in 1840. 



The public walks at Buxtou, of which there is great variety, are 

 laid out with much taste, and ornamented with shrubs and planta- 

 tions. Around Buxton there are many fine walks aud drives. Shir- 

 brook Dell, Ashwood Dale, the Lover's Leap, and other spots in the 

 valley of the Wye are all interesting, and the neighbouring eminences 

 afford very extensive and beautiful prospects. The environs of 

 Buxton abound with natural curiosities and romantic scenery. Tho 

 high perpendicular crags on the Bakewell road bordering the valley of 

 of the Wye make that road the most interesting, as it is the most acces- 

 sible of all the scenery in the immediate vicinity of Buxtou. At the 

 distance of about half a mile in a different direction are the limestone 

 quarries and Pool's Hole. The latter is a cavern of considerable 

 dimensions in a limestone rock contracted in its entrance, but 

 spacious in the interior. Its roof and sides are covered with stalac- 

 tites, one of which more remarkable than the rest about the middle of 

 the cave is called tho ' Flitch of Bacon.' Hero the cave again con- 

 tracts, but beyond it becomes wide and lofty, as far as a large massy 

 column of stalagmite denominated the ' Queen of Scots' Pillar,' from 

 a tradition that she stopped at this point. The further end of the 

 cavern, comprising about 100 yards, is not very accessible. The 

 whole length is 560 yards. The sides of the mountain are partly 

 occupied with dwellings excavated out of the ashes which have been 

 thrown here from the lime-kilns. A considerable quantity of lime is 

 burnt, and sent into distant parts by the Peak Forest railway. The 

 rocks about Buxton consist of beds of limestone aud of lava or toad- 

 stone, which lie alternately one upon the other. There are many 

 shops in Buxton for the sale of the mineral productions of the Peak, 

 manufactured into various articles of ornament and use, besides fossils 

 and specimens of natural curiosities. Among these is a beautiful 

 spar denominated ' Blue John,' formerly used in repairing the roads, 

 but now worked into the most elegant vases. This spar is found in 

 the neighbourhood of Castleton. 



Buxton church is a large and graceful edifice of the Tuscan order, 

 built in 1812 by the Duke of Devonshire. An old building which 

 originally served as the church was for a time used as a school after 

 the opening of the new church ; but it has been restored to its 

 original purpose. A new school-room has been fitted up by the Duke 

 of Devonshire. This school has endowments which amount to 94Z. 

 per annum. There are places of worship in Buxton for Presbyterians, 

 Independents, and Wesleyan Methodists. An excellent institution at 

 this place called the Buxton Bath Charity is for the benefit of persons 

 in humble circumstances whose state of health may require the use 

 of the Buxton waters. Every visitor to Buxton is requested to give 

 a donation of one shilling to this charity the first time of dining in 

 the town, whether at an hotel or a lodging-house. The number of 

 visiters at Buxton varies from 12,000 to 14,OUO annually. There are 

 accommodations for nearly 2000 at one time. The season commences 

 in June and ends in October. The market is held on Saturday; 

 fairs are held on February 3rd, April 1st, aud May 2nd, besides a 

 cattle fair on September 8th. 



(Rhodes, Peak Scenery; Adams, Gem of the Pea!:; Land We Live 

 In, vol. iii. ; Communication from, Buxton.) 



BYBLUS, a town of Phoenicia, now called Jube'il, situated nearly 

 half way between Tripoli and Beirout near tho sea-coast, and at the 

 foot of the lower range of Libanus. The town of Jubeil is inclosed 

 by a wall, some parts of which appear to be of the time of the 

 Crusaders. Within the circuit, which is about a mile and a half, 

 there is an ancient Roman theatre in a nearly perfect state ; fragments 

 of granitic columns are lying about. The celebrated Jewish writer 

 Philo was a native of Byblus. Byblus was the fabled birth-place of 



Coin of Byblus. Copper. 150 grs. 



Thammnz, or Adonis, to whom it had a famous temple. The Hebrew 

 name of the town seems to have been Giblah, and its territory is 

 assigned (Josh. xiii. 6) to the Israelites, but they never got possession 

 of it. The Giblites are mentioned in the Old Testament as stone- 



