209 



CABELLO. 



CADIZ. 



210 



their general, Leo or Leonidas, in the siege by Philip, had no means 

 of keeping them to watch and defend the walls but by causing the 

 sutlers and canteens to be established along the ramparts. (Athe- 

 uaeus, x. p. 442 ; Lilian. ' Hist.' iii. 14.) Byzantium was full of foreign 

 and native merchants, sailors, and fishermen, whom the excellent wine 

 sold in the town and supplied by Maromea and other districts seldom 

 permitted to return sober to their ships. A democracy of such jolly 

 carousers could not be expected to be very strict and orderly in its 

 administration, and it is recorded of a Byzantine demagogue that 

 being asked in some particular case what was the law of the country, 

 he answered, "Whatever I please." Dion says that the walls of 

 Byzantium were built of massive square stones fastened together with 

 iron bolts, and fitting so well together that the whole wall appeared 



to be one block. The Byzantines at one time had 500 ships, several 

 of them with rudders at both ends, so as to be able to steer either 

 way without veering or tacking. Tacitus speaks of such vessels being 

 used in the Euxiue in his time. (' Histor." iii. 46.) Byzantium 

 occupied the most eastern of the seven hills on which the city of 

 Constantinople is built, and it is supposed to have extended over the 

 three regions of the city that lie behind the present seraglio and 

 gardens of the sultan. Dionysius Byzantiuus gives it 40 stadia in 

 circumference. The acropolis or citadel stood on the hill where the 

 seraglio now is. 



(Muller, Hiit&ry of the Doriam ; Bockh, On the Public Economy of 

 the Atheniam ; Sextus Empiricus, Advertut Rlietorei, 37; Codiuus, 

 Fragment of Hesychius on the Origin of Constantinople.) 



f'ABELLO. [PUERTO CABKLLO.] 

 V CABES, GULF OF. [KHABB.] 



CABRA. [CORDOVA.] 



<'Al:l:'-:UA. [BALEARIC ISLANDS.] 



CABl'L (pronounced and sometimes spelt Caubool, also Kabool), 

 the capital of the State of Cabul in the north of Afghanistan, is 

 situated on the Cabul River, in a wide plain between 6000 and 7000 

 feet above the sea, in 34 30' N,. lat, 69* 6' E. long., at a distance of 

 about 60 miles N. from Ohuznee, 200 miles N.E. from Candahar, and 

 120 miles W. from Peshawur: population about 60,000. The city is 

 flanked on three sides by low hills, and inclosed by a wall. The 

 north-eastern quarter forms the Bala Hissar (Palace of Kings), a for- 

 tified inclosure comprising the residence of the Khan of Cabul, the 

 government offices, the palace gardens, and a small town. The outer 

 town is about three miles in circuit, compactly built, chiefly with 

 sun-dried bricks and wood to avoid the consequences of the frequent 

 earthquakes. It is entered by four gates placed at the ends of the i 

 two principal streets that cross the city. One of these streets, running 

 northward, led to the once magnificent bazaars destroyed by the Briti-h 

 on their evacuation of Cabul, on which occasion also the Bala Hissar 

 was greatly damaged. The city is divided into separate districts, each i 

 of which is walled, and may form on occasion a separate fortress. In 

 general the streets are crooked, badly paved, and narrow ; so much 

 so, that two horsemen can with difficulty pass in some of them. 

 The houses are two and three stories high, and, as in most ports of 

 the east, they have flat roofs : those of the wealthy are built round 

 courtyards, and surrounded by gardens. The tomb of the emperor 

 Baber who made Cabul his capital is on a hill outside the city ; it is 

 surrounded by large beds of flowers, and commands a noble prospect : 

 the tomb of Timur-Shah is a brick octagon surmounted by a cupola. 

 The plain about the city is laid out in orchards and gardens, which 

 in some seasons of the year are very beautiful. The climate of Cabul, 

 owing to its great elevation above the sea, is very cold in winter, i 

 which is long and severe. [AFGHANISTAN.] The summer is 

 delightful. Cabul is the centre of a very active transit trade in 

 Russian, Chinese, and other northern products, which are sent by 

 caravans to Hindustan and Persia. The routes by which this trade 

 is conducted and the items of which it consists are given in the 

 article on AFGHANISTAN. Cabul has also important markets for 

 the sale of corn, horses, cattle, and fuel; it is particularly cele- 

 brated in the east for the excellence and abundance of its fruits and 

 vegetables. 



Cabul occupies probably an ancient site ; some think it to be the 

 Cabura of Ptolemy. The Arabic historians mention it as the residence 

 of a Hindoo prince in the 7th century. It was taken by Tamerlane 

 about 1394, and again in 1739 by Nadir-Shah, who plundered it. 

 On the death of Nadir-Shah, Ahmed Khan, the founder of the 

 Duranee monarchy, took possession of Cabul, and his son Timur 

 made it in 1774 the capital of Afghanistan. The events that 

 occurred in the city during the late Afghan war are noticed under 

 AFGHANISTAN. 



CABUL RIVER [AFGHANISTAN.] 



CACERES. [EsTHEMADURA, SPANISH.] 



CACHA'R, a province in the north-east quarter of Hindustan, is 

 bounded N. by the Brahmaputra River and Asam, E. by Manipoor and 

 the Birmese territory, S. by Silhet and Tiperah, and W. by the prin- 

 cipality of Jrntia. This province is situated between 24 and 27 

 N. lat., and between 92 and 94 E. long. : its length from north to 

 south is about 140 English miles, and its breadth from east to west 

 about 100 miles. 



Cachar, the ancient name of which was Hairumbo, is divided into 

 Cachar Proper and bharmapore ; the first occupying the south and 

 the second the north part of the province. The country in general 

 i* mountainous ; the greater part of the mountains is covered with 

 forest trees, bamboos, and jungle, which frequently render them 

 inaccessible ; the passes are not practicable at all seasons, and few 

 roads have been made in the district. 



A great number of small streams have their sources in the high 

 lands of Cachar. Those in the (astern mountains unite and form the 



czoci. civ. VOL. 11. 



rivers Capili and Barak, both of which join the Megna or Brahma- 

 putra : the Barak at the point (24 hit, 91 long.) where that river 

 takes the name of the Megna. During certain parts of the year the 

 Barak can be navigated ; in the dry season it is fordable, the channel 

 being obstructed by rocks ; but soon after the rains have set in the 

 river has a depth of from 30 to 40 feet of water. From June until 

 November considerable tracts are inundated, and the difficulty of 

 travelling is consequently increased. 



The jungle fever, often fatal to Europeans, is common in Cachar. 

 It does not however attack the natives with equal violence. The 

 country is thinly inhabited. The entire population has been estimated 

 at about 360,000, but the numbers are liable to constant fluctuation. 

 The best peopled districts are those nearest to the south-west, and a 

 level tract in the north near the Capili River and adjacent to the town 

 of Dhannapore. 



Cospore, the modern capital, is 20 miles south from Grobarge, the 

 ancient capital of Hairumbo, in 24 45' N. lat., 92 45' E. long., on 

 the banks of a small stream called the Madhura. The Raja of Cachar 

 having in 1311 removed his residence to Doodputlee, a small town 

 about 18 miles farther north, Cospore has since considerably fallen 

 off. The town of Dharmapore, in the northern division of the 

 province and about 60 miles from Cospore, was formerly a place of 

 some strength, and enjoyed a considerable trade; but the fort has 

 now fallen into decay, the trade has in a great measure left the place, 

 and its population has decreased. 



Cachar was invaded by the Birmese in 1774, but the force first sent 

 was destroyed by the jungle fever. A second expedition reduced the 

 raja to submission, and forced him to become a tributary of the King 

 of Ava. In 1810 the Raja of Cachar placed himself under the pro- 

 tection of the British. Some twenty years later the province became 

 the scene of trouble and confusion. In 1830 the Raja Govind Chandra 

 was murdered by his own guard. By desire of the people, as well as 

 to insure peace on the north-east frontier, it was determined to annex 

 the province to the British empire. The affairs of the province are 

 administered by a native raja under the protection of the Company's 

 government. 



(Hamilton, East India Gazetteer ; Wilson, Hitlory of BrUuh India; 

 Parliamentary Papers.) 



CADER IDRIS. [MERIONETHSHIRE.] 



CADIZ, PROVINCE OF. [SEVILLA.] 



CADIZ, a city and sea-port, is situated on the south-west coast of 

 Spain, in 36 31' N. lat., 6 17' W. long., 70 miles S.S.W. from the 

 city of Sevilla. It is the capital of the modern province of Cadi/, 

 which is included in the ancient province of Sevilla and great division 

 of Andalucia. It is the see of a bishop, suffragan to the archbishop 

 of Sevilla. The population in 1845 was 53,922. 



Cadiz is built on the end of a low and narrow isthmus or tongue 

 of land, which extends from the island of Leon (Isla de Leon), about 

 5 miles in a north-north-west direction. The rocky extremity on 

 which the city is constructed is considerably higher than the isthmus 

 which connects it with the Isla de Leon ; it has a circuit of six or 

 seven miles, and in surrounded by the sea on all sides except where 

 it joins the isthmus. The whole of the western sides of the city, the 

 isthmus, and the Isla de Leon, are open to the Atlantic Ocean ; to the 

 north and north-east the projections of the mainland form with the 

 isthmus the Bay of Cadiz, which includes a circuit of more than 

 thirty miles. The outer bay, the entrance to which is between the 

 city and the promontory of Rota, distant about five miles, is exposed 

 to the south-west, but the inner bay is well sheltered, and affords in 

 most places good anchorage. Some dangerous rocks called Las 

 Puercas (the Sows) are scattered opposite the city, in the direction of 

 Rota. The Guadalete enters the sea at Puerto de Santa Maria, where 

 the inner bay may be said to commence, and within this portion the 

 harbour is formed by a well-constructed mole, but is not of sufficient 

 depth to allow large vessels to come close up to the city. From 

 Puerto de Santa Maria the coast trends south, and the bay becomes 

 narrower, the mouth being defended by the cross-fires of the forts of 

 Matagorda and Puutales. Here an islet, which contained Fort San 

 Luis, is divided from the mainland by a channel called the Trocadero. 



p 



