Ill 







tu 



front Uw TTomJma Uv bay sweat* inward*, forming small bar in 

 the mainUtkl. where the town of Puerto Real is wtuat.-l. ami opposite 

 MM narrow channel called the Rio de Santi IVtri. which diridM the 

 Ui a* Uoo from the mainlan.l. MM! U aramd by abridge called the 

 PiMte do Zaua. On the majijand, at tl>e entrance of th* Rio d- 

 Hanti IVtri. u U rarraoa, one of the chief naval arsenal* of Sjuiin, 

 formerly (tattoo for the oarracka, or galleons, n I from the dock 

 vmnU of which were cnbaeqnently Boated thu prati,! three-decker*. 

 mo* of which were destroyed by the IJriti.h fleet- during the last 

 war with Spain. The Kio de Santi Petri i> very deep, and at the 

 ealiann fnxn the Atlantic u defended by rock-built oastfe. Fort 

 Sum Lob, in the islet of the Trooadero, was much injured by Marsha) 

 Victor, and afterwards utterly destroyed by the Doc d'Angouldme. 

 Tfce fortifications generally are at preeent in a state of neglect and 



The city of CadU U in form nearly a square, each side of which i- 

 about a mile and a half in length. It U surrounded by ramparta, and 

 has Are gates, one of which opens on the isthmus, which U itself 

 intersected about the middle by a deep entrenchment called the 

 Cortednra. Between the ramparta and the bay public walks hare 

 been formed. The principal walk, the Alameda, is on the eastern 

 side of the city. It is planted with trees and provided with seats, 

 and is thronged on the fine evening*. The street* are regularly laid 

 oat, mostly niissini each other at ri^ht angles ; they are in general 

 narrow, but are well paved and lighted. The principal street however 

 is of good width ; it contains the Exchange ( Bolao), the houses of thu 

 nobility and chief merchants, and U the great resort for men of business 

 and loungers during the early part of the day. It is connected with 

 the principal square (Plaza San Antonio), which though not large is 

 handsome, surrounded by large house*, and planted with trees, with 

 marble seats beneath them. The houses of Cadiz are built of a white 

 tone, which gives the city a remarkably bright and clean appearance, 

 and the fronts of most of them are painted, and have balconies furnished 

 with curtains to shade the inmates from the sun. The supply of 

 water for general purposes is from rain collected in cisterns, but good 

 water in abundance is brought in boats from Puerto Santa Maria, 

 The lighthouse of San Sebastian is on the western side of the city ; 

 U rises 172 feet from the base, and is visible in clear weather at a dia- 

 tanoe of 80 mile*. Prom the top of the Torre de la Vigia the white 

 and smokeless city, with its look-out towers (miradores), its flat roofs, 

 and flags, is seen to great advantage. 



Cadiz contains two cathedral*. The old one was built in 1597. 

 The new one (La Nueva Catedral) was commenced in 1720, by the 

 corporation, to supply the want of dignity of the old one, but was not 

 completed till about 1640. It is however of small size and poor 

 architecture. There are two theatres (in the larger of which operas 

 are sometime* performed), and a new bull-arena (Plaza de Tore*). 

 The Museo contains about 100 paintings by Znrbaran, Murillo, 

 Giordano, and i*hers, but they are not of the highest class. The 

 chapel of the suppressed convent of San Francisco contain* tho lout 

 work of Murillo. who fell from the scaffolding while painting it, and 

 died in consequence at Sevillo. There are artillery-barracks, a naval 

 college, a custom-house, a Rouse of Refuge (Casa de Misericordia), 

 which sometimes contains 1000 inmates, and several smaller charitable 

 establishments. The city also contains a college, a school of navigation, 

 and several other educational institutions. 



Cadiz for a long period enjoyed a very high degree of commercial 

 prosperity. In 1792 tho imports from Spanish America amounted to 

 (,25,S33/. ; but this commercial activity was almost wholly di- 

 tty the defection of the Spanish colonies at the commencement of the 

 preeent century. The foreign trade, which in now in a state of great 

 apression, arise* out of the importation, in Spanish ships, of colonial 

 produce from Cuba, Puerto Rico, and tin- Philippine Mauds ; hidi--., 

 cocoa, indigo, and other produce from Smith America; salt-finh from 

 NewfoundUnd. it, i:., i: Ii.h vessels; and inan<ifactunl Koodn from 

 England. France, and (Wmany: but a great amount of thin last 

 branch of trade U contraband. The exports consist mostly of wine, 

 olive-oil, fruits, .alt. and .,ni.l.i| v . r . | ]S49 the export of sherry 

 UMillsil t 1*8.1 70 butt*. The annual value of the exports i mid, r 

 S,000,OUO(., and that of the import, (exclusive of the contraband trade) 

 U not much more than 1, 000,0001. Hail-*teamen go once a week 

 between Cadiz and the Canary Islands. The coasting trade is carried 

 on in small craft, not exceeding 60 tons burden, which imp...t 

 pivrisiaua, grain, charcoal, Ac. from the other maritime province*, 

 and export colonial produce, and linen and woollen good*. Tho 

 carried on in the city consist of soap, glass, ooanu 

 i fobr^ ootton.nd.uk good*, and hat*. There are also some 



U one of the most ancient towns in Europe. It was founded 



. . 



by the Phoniciaas several hundreds of years before the Christian era, 

 and wa* the great mart whence toe tin of Britain and ol, 

 * western Enron* were distributed over the eastern world. The 

 n Ml Din awn* of the town wa, OoAV. The Greeks named it PaJ.ipa ; 

 the Romans oW, and under them H was made a muniripinm, and 

 became one of the richest cities in the Roman empire. It then received 

 the title of ' Anpirta Urns Julia Oaditana/ and was the seat of one of 

 the four Conventns Juridid of Bertioa. It was taken by the Goth., 

 and from them by the Moor*. From the Moor, it was recovered by 



Akmao el Sabio, September 14th, 111'..' It has often been besieged. It 



i taken by assault, pillaged, and burnt by the l-'.n.-ii-ii in 1590. 

 It was long blockaded by admiral Blake, who there capture- 1 

 galleons laden with treasure, and sunk eight others. Two Kiu-lixh 

 expeditions against it failed, one in 1628, and another in 17 J 

 It was invested by the French during tho Peninsular War in 1810, and 

 .he investment continued till August 25th, 1812, when, in consequence 

 if the movements of the Duke of Wellington. >', l.lockade wa* 

 discontinued, and about 1000 guru* were destroyed, as well m> the vast 

 works at Chiclana, Puerto Santa Maria, and the Trocadero. In 

 August, 1823, it wa* besieged by the Due . and in 



October the same year was delivered up to him. The French troops 

 retained possession of it till the summer of 1828. 



(Stmbo, iii. p. 168, Ac., ed. Casaub. ; Pliny, ffint. -Y./'. iv. _:!, *c. ; 

 Ford, Handbook of Spain ; Borrow, Bible in Spain ; Napier, Penin- 

 sular II 



CADORE. [BELLUNO.] 



CADSAND. [ZEKLAXD.] 



CAEN, the capital of the department of Calvados, in the north 

 of France, the seat of a high court of appeal for the departments of 

 Calvados, Manche, and Ornc, of tribunals of first instance HIM I <>t' 

 commerce, of a chamber of commerce and exchange, of a \<r--. 

 university, an endowed college, and an inferior school of navigation, 

 is situated at the confluence of the Odon with the Orne, 127 miles 

 W. from Paris, in 49 11' N. lat, 21' \V. long., and has 40,589 

 inhabitants including the whole commune. 



The city stands at a distance of 7 miles from the mouth of the 

 Orne in the English Channel. There is no evidence of its existence 

 before the 9th century, when it was called Cathom or Cathem, from 

 which the modern name U said to be derived. When Charles the 

 Simple in 912 ceded Neustria to the Northmen, Caen was a large and 

 important town. The Conqueror and his wife Matilda resided in it 

 for some time, and contributed greatly to it* embellishment. The 

 Conqueror commenced the castle of Caen, which was finixhod by 

 Henry I. of England, and tho town became the capital of Lower 

 Normandie. In 1346, soon after it had been walled in perhaps for 

 the first time, Edward III. took Caen after a siege, and plund. 



The town was then," says Froissart, " large, strong, and full of 

 drapery and all other sorts of merchandise, rich citizens, noble dames 

 and damsels, and tine churches." The English took it again in 1417, 

 and held it till 1450, when it capitulated to Count Dunois. Since 

 that time it has belonged to the French. 



Caen is situated in a level tract, almost wholly consisting of 

 uuiucluHed fields of buck-wheat and other corn, extending with 

 monotonous continuity as far as the eye can reach. The appearance 

 of the town from a distance is grand, both from its extent and the 

 number of towers and spires that rise from it. The streets are wide 

 and clean, and the houses are built of stone. The finest streets are 

 those of St.-Jean and St.-1'ierre, which cross each other at right- 

 angles, and lead right through the town. The city is inter*eoted 

 by a canal from the Odon, winch drives the machinery of seven! 

 lies. The banks of the rivers are in many places formed into walks, 

 and adorned by avenues of noble trees. There are some ancient 

 houses with the gable to the street, and presenting on the front 

 elaborate earrings of wood. The town has few fountains, the want of 

 which is supplied by wells. There, have been considerable in 

 ments of late v> ars in the outskirts of the town, which are faeil 

 by the circumstance of stone being quarried in tin- immediate 

 neighbourhood. Much of this stone is exported for (milding purpose* 

 to England. There are but slight remains of the ancient walls and 

 towers Ijy which the town was defended. The bed of the Orne : 

 a tiile-harbour, and its banks are lined with quays. Vessels of 

 200 tons only can come up to the town owing to the sand-banks at 

 the mouth of the Orne, but a canal is in course of construction which 

 will ndinit larger craft ; the funds for its completion wen? 



In the town there are several squares ; the finest am tin 



rid the Place Royale, in which in a statue >:' I ..mi- XIV. 

 Tin- pulilic buildings are interesting as well for their an ! 

 for their historical ansociatioiifl ; and, o 



Norman m:i-"iny. most of them date fi :-:i>d. Tin- 



cathedral, one of the finest ecclesiastical edifices in Nrniandy. 

 ancient church of the abbey of St.-Ktienne, which WM foini'! 

 the Coin|ucn>r ' t ween 1061 and 1070. It consists of navo and aisles, 

 transept anil nnating in a sanctuary of circular pla> 



off by a screen, and nurrund>-d liy el. 



construction. Galleries run along the whole length of the 

 The deep portal, flanked by two majestic towerx, in greatly admired. 

 The abbey, called also Abbay< ntside the town, 



was regularly fortified in the 14th century. It was sacked in 1 . 

 the Protectants, on which occasion they demolished the touib and 

 dispersed the bones of the Conqueror, who was buried in the abbey 

 church ; a second monument erected soon after subxisted till 1742, 

 when the few remains that bad been recovered were removed into the 

 interior of the abbey, and a third monument erected over them ; this 

 in its turn wa* demolished at the revolution of 1793. The abbey 

 buildings are now occupied by the college. 



The church of La-Trinito' belonged to the former abbey of La- 



