CAERNARVOSSIIIKK. 



CAFTRISTAN. 



- 



5 



ccUnre'id or 

 0*eea>. art. 

 eitoeted in a P 



and ie a 



rite et 



the extenaive pariah of 



.-.-. t m i '- i. 



..!. . - 1 



, ecrues the lakes, i* obtained here. Many 

 and object, are in the vicinity 



population 1050 in 1851, U 

 t oo UM ooact of Caernarvon Bay, and i- 

 i for 'a summer residence. The church is an ancient 

 Here is said to have been a religious establishment 

 IbyatBueno. An ancient chapel 

 In a field between the church and 



UM MB U the Bachwea cromlech : eereral uther antiquities are in the 

 neighbourhood. Ummtrrrit, 10 mile* W. by & from Caernarvon. 

 popalaUua 1111 in 1851. generally choeen an the point from which 

 the eeeaat of Haowdoa U commenced. There are two hotel* at 

 Uanbenfc. The Tillage U a poor straggling place. The church ha. 



bera i ly restored. There are xtanare date quarries here, and 



alsa copper mine*. The Llanberris lake* form the largest sheet of 

 water in the county. Dolbadern Castle stand* on a rocky eminence 

 at the head of the narrow strip of land which divides the lakes. The 

 nugniiaent pee* of LUnberris is at the east of the Tillage. Uattdudno 

 u a Tillage on the eastern aide of the promontory forming Great 

 Orne's Head : the population in 1851 was 1131. Llandudno i* a 

 T*ry sequestered place in a rather wild spot ; but the bay is open, 

 Tcy beautiful, he* a good sandy beach, and U said to be well adapted 

 for bathing. There are several British antiquities in the vicinity. 



m*e*f for BeeUtiatlual ami Legal Purpota.The number of 

 parishes given in the population returns is 68, and there are five 

 parishes which are partly in this and partly in the adjoining counties, 

 heobuh or Merioneth. Naerly the whole of the county is in the 

 iliniiMii and archdeaconry of Bangor. Caernarvonshire is divided by 

 UM Poor-Law Commissioners into four Unions Bangor with lieau- 

 man*, Caernarvon, Conway, and Pwllheli The Unions contain 88 

 perishes and township*, with a population in 1851 of 97,710 ; but 

 the boundaries of the Unions are not strictly co-extensive with those 

 of the county. 



Caernarvonshire U in the North Wales circuit The assize* and 

 BBsi'ins are held at Caernarvon. The county returns one member to 

 the Imperial Parliament The borough of Caernarvon, with its con- 

 tributory boroughs of Conway, Criccieth, Nevin, and Pwllheli, and 

 the city of Bangor, returns one member. County court* are hold at 

 Bangor, Caernarvon, Conway, Pwllheli, and Portmadoc. 



II alary and AnliyvitUt. There is some difficulty in determining 

 by what tribe of native Britons Caernarvonshire was inhabited at the 

 Roman conquest The neighbouring district* of North Wales were 

 peopled by the Ordovicea, and we incline to comprehend Caernarvon- 

 shire in the territory of that tribe. Ptolema-us mentions the Conway 

 under the name of Toisobius. The Romans crossed this county 

 Suetonius Paulinua when they attacked Hona (Anglesey), 

 .'. The Ordovioe* were not however subdued until the 

 i of Agricola, who nearly extirpated them about A.D. 78. In the 

 of Antoninus' two stations within this county are given ; 



k, BOW Caer Seiont [CAERKARVOX] ; and Conovium, now 

 faer Bhnn. near Conway, where Roman bricks have been found 

 inscribed L*. JL, ud the foundations of buildings discovered. The 

 British or Oltic remains are numerous. Vestiges of camps and hill 

 forts occur in several places, specially about Suowdonia. Castell Caer 



I UM summit of the 1 



- Town Hill, about 2 mile* from Conway, 

 of a British citadel Braioh-y-Dinas, on 

 tof Penmaen Mawr ; and Tre-'r-Ceiri, on the summit of Yr- 

 Kifl, are also remarkable example* of British fortresses. There are 

 several cromlechs and stone circles. In the division of the territories 

 of Rhodri Mawr, or Roderick the Great, between hia sons (A.D. 877), 

 Caemarvooahire formed part of the kingdom of Gwynedd (Latin 

 Venedoeis) or North Wales, allotted to Anarawd. When the cessation 

 of the northern piracies allowed the English king* (now of the 

 Norman no*) to turn their arms against Wale*, this county, from it* 

 remote situation, difficult cruses, and mountainous character, became 

 the last asylum of the independence of Wale*. It wa* however sub- 

 dued by Edward L in 1283. In the subsequent revolt of the Welsh 

 under Madoc, the illegitimate son of Llewellyn, prince of Wales, 

 Caernarvon wa* taken, aad the English settlera massacred. Conway 

 castle wa* beategod, but without eneo4> 



is i m a rocky 

 ilanberris. Of 



the residence in the 12th century of Yorwerth 

 Dnradwn, and the birth-place of the famous Llewellyn the Great, 

 httb more than oae of the tower* remains. The foundation* of 

 Digaowy Cacti*, near Great Orme'i Head, may be traced. The older 

 part of Penrhya Castle, near Bangor, i* of the time of Henry VI., 

 and an to the period of the alteration* made com* year* since pre- 

 sented a fair specimen of the domestic architecture of that time. 

 CaentarTonehira ha* very few monastic ruin*. There was a priory 



Dotbadern Cacti*. cuppoecd to be of British origin, 

 ifaisa*! near UM junction of the two lakes of L 



' 1 



Canon* at Beddgeiert, supposed to be the oldest 

 in Wale* except Bardaey, but there are few 

 of it Bardsey lale also poseeewd an extensive religious 

 labUehment, but of H aleo there are few TeeUge* remaining. 

 Thar* were in 1851 savings bank* at Portmadoc and Pwllheli. The 



total amount owing to depositors on the 20th of November 1851 was 



,. . 



CAERPHILLY. [GLAMORGANSHIRE.] 



CAKRWYS. fHuxTSHlR.J 



r r.VVKKA PHIU1TI. [PASEA*,] 



C.ESAKKIA, a city and sea-port of ancient Palestine, founded by 

 Herod the Great, and so named in compliment to Augustus Cicser, 

 was situated on the coast of the Levant, about '."J miles S. from 

 Mount Carmel, near the point 82* 32' N. lat, 34 64' E. long. A 

 town named Turrit Stralonu previously occupied part of the site : 

 this wa* enlarged and embellished with white marble palace* and 

 other large buildings common in important Roman provincial town*. 

 The city, which had a temple to Caesar and Rome, a rock-hewn theatre, 

 and a circus, was built round a large harbour, the greatest wonder of 

 the place, which wa* formed hero by Herod, at a point of the coast 

 where before there was only an open roadstead. The entrance to the 

 harbour wa* on the north, and it was sheltered from the south-west 

 winds by a massive mole, constructed with enormous blocks of stone. 

 These great improvement* raised Cmareia to be the metropolis of 

 Palestine, and here Roman prefects and titular kings of Judaea had 

 their neat of government. It received the name of Flavia fnm 

 Vespasian, who planted a colony in Cicsareia, but the old name always 

 prevailed. It was at Cacaareia that " the door of faith was first opened 

 to the Gentiles :" the city early became a metropolitan see, and was 

 conspicuous for the firmness of its martyrs and confessors during the 

 persecutions of the Christians. Eusebius, the father of ecclesiastical 

 history, was made bishop of Casareia about A.D. 315. Cicsareia con- 

 tinued to be a place of considerable importance during the crusade", 

 and it was one of the Christian strongholds along the coast. Ai 

 the ruins which now cover all the site may be traced the ancient walls ; 

 the wall and ditch of the Crusaders' town, which was of leas extent 

 than the ancient city ; the substructions of a cathedral which stood on a 

 platform near the centre of the town, previously occupied by the temple 

 to Csesar and Rome ; massive fragments of the towers and substruc- 

 tions of the mole ; and prostrate column* of granite, porphyry, and 

 marble, which formed the portico of the terrace-walk along the har- 

 bour. The ruins of Csesareia have long served a* a quarry, and its 

 stone* have been carried away to build the houses and fortifica- 

 tions of Jaffa, Acre, and Sidon. (Dictionary of (jrcck and Raman 

 Geography.) 



C^ESAREIA. [KAISAUIYKII.] 



CAFKA. [KAFFA.] 



CAFFRARIA. [KAFFRARIA.] 



CAKFRISTAN, properly KAFFIRISTAN, a region of Asia 

 extending eastward from the valley of the Panschir, between Hin.lu- 

 Koosh and the Himalaya Mountains, which respectively separate it 

 from Kunduz and Badakhshan on the north, and Cabul on the south. 

 It* boundary to the east is probably the Kuner Kiver, which rising iu 

 the Hindu-Koosh near 36 10' N. lat, 72 E. long., runs south-west, 

 and breaking through the Himalaya Mountains joins the Cabul Kivcr 

 below Jellalabad. To the east of the Kuner is the mountain region 

 nf ('liitral. The Hindu-Koosh runs like a gigantic wall along the 

 north of Kaffiristau, ita erect rising far above the snow-line ; the 

 depressions in it which form the passes into Kunduz and Badakhshau 

 being open only during a few mouths in summer. The Himalaya on 

 the other hand is rant by many deep breaches, and numerous rivers 

 which drain the valleys of Kaffirutan break through it on their way to 

 join the Cabul River. As may be supposed, KaffirUtau is a lnn<l of 

 mountains and valleys, and exhibits great extremes of temperature and 

 climate. On the Hindu-Koosh the snow remain* throughout the 

 summer, while the thermometer in the nearest valley stands at 

 118* Fahrenheit There are no roads, properly u peaking, the only 

 travelling being along foot-tracks, which are frequently obstructed by 

 river* and mountain-stream*, and these are crossed either by wooden 

 bridges or by swing bridges made of the pliant withe* of trees. 



No cultivation is carried forward on the hills, some of which are 

 covered with pine forest*, while others afford sustenance to numerous 

 flocks of goat*. The valleys are mostly of small extent but very 

 fertile, and produce abundant crop* of wheat and millet with large 

 quantities of grapes, which form an important object of cultivation. 

 These valleys becides furnish pasturage for sheep and cattle. The 

 wild animals of the country are similar to those mentioned under 

 BADAKHSHAU. 



The account* we have of the character and habits of the Kaffirs 

 are chiefly derived from the various tribes of Mohammedans by whom 

 they are surrounded, and with some of whom they are frequently at 

 war. In their persona the Kaffirs are a fine race of people, with 

 handsome features, blue eyes, and fair complexions ; the distinction 

 made between different tribes, some of whom are called Siah-Posh, or 

 black-vested Kaffir*, and other* White Kaffir*, i* derived from a 

 peculiarity in the dress of the former, who clothe themselves in black 

 goat-akin* with the hair ouUide ; other tribe* wear dresses made of 

 white cotton. 



A* regard* their civil government the Kaffirs seem to be divided 

 into clan*, each of which i* governed in all things by ita own chief, 

 and engage* at times in feuds with other tribes. The name Kaffir 

 (unbeliever) i* that by which the Mohammedans distinguish them, a* 

 they have never been able to convert them to laburnum. Lieutenant 



