CAGLIARI. 



CAHORS. 



Wood says that they are part of -the wide-spread race of the Tajiks, 

 who sooner than conform to the religion of the early Moslem invaders 

 retired to the plain country northward, and finally settled down 

 in this inaccessible region. Their hostile feelings towards their 

 Mohammedan neighbours are no doubt of ancient date, and they are 

 kept alive and embittered by the incursions which these are constantly 

 making for the purpose of carrying off the Kaffirs as slaves. The 

 governor of Badnkhshan is bound by the conditions on which he holds 

 his power of the Meer of Kunduz to make a yearly inroad into 

 Kaffiristan for slaves. The Kaffirs in their turn are not slow to 

 retaliate, and entering Badakhshan by the valley of the Kokcha they 

 plunder villages and sometimes massacre the inhabitants. Peace is 

 sometimes made between the Kaffir tribes and their neighbours, 

 when they are ready to extend towards their former enemies all the 

 rites of hospitality. Their warlike weapons are a bow about 4J feet 

 long and arrows of reed with barbed heads, which are sometimes 

 poisoned. For closer conflict they are each provided with a dogger 

 and a knife : recently they have begun to adopt the use of swords 

 and muskets'. 



The Kaffir villages are mostly built on the slopes of hills, the 

 houses, which are made of wood, being placed one above another, 

 the roof of the lower house forming a pathway to the one above it. 

 The Kaffirs sit on chairs or stools, never cross-legged like other 

 eastern peoples. Their Mohammedan neighbours testify to their 

 intelligence, and say that one Kaffir slave is worth two of any other 

 nation. 



In their religion the Kaffirs are said to believe in one supreme 

 God and in a future state ; but they worship numerous idols, the 

 representatives of reat men of former times, and who are supposed 

 to intercede with the Deity in favour of their worshippers. Win n 

 he dies the Kaffir is dressed in his best clothes, and is placed upon 

 a bier with his weapons beside him ; his male relations then carry 

 him about with singing and dancing, while the females give themselves 

 up to lamentation, after which the body is inclosed in a sort of coffin 

 and left in the open air, usually under the shade of a tree. 



A Kaffir man procures his wife by purchase, paying to her father 

 sometimes as many as twenty head of cattle, or sheep and goats in 

 proportion. Domestic slavery is practised, the slaves being natives 

 of Kaffiristan, sometimes taken in feuds with hostile tribes, and 

 sometimes being orphans of their own tribe, it being not uncommon 

 for the more powerful men to seize children who are unprotected, 

 and either to sell them to some neighbouring country or to retain 

 them in slavery. 



The more usual food of the people is bread, cheese, butter, and 

 milk ; they likewise eat beef, mutton, and bears' flesh. They have a 

 variety of fruits, among which are grapes, apricot*, apples, almonds, 

 and walnuts. Honey and wax are exchanged with the Badakhshis for 

 salt. Wine is very abundant. They make three sorts of wine red 

 and white, and a kind having nearly the consistence of jelly, which is 

 very strong : both males and females are said to drink occasionally 

 to excess. The favourite amusement when they meet together is 

 dancing : their music consists of a pipe and tabor. 



Several dialects are spoken by the different clans ; but the base of 

 their language, as among all the Tajiks, is Persian. No estimate has 

 been made of the numbers of the people. 



(Elphinstone, Cabul ; Lieutenant Wood, Journey to (he Source of 

 the OXTU.) 



CA'GLIARI (the Roman Caralit or C'arala), the capital of the 

 island of Sardinia and of the province of Cagliari, ia situated on the 

 south coast on the bay of Cagliari, in 39 13' N. hit., 9 7' E. long., and 

 has about 28,000 inhabitants. The town is divided into four districts. 

 It is built partly on the sea-side and partly on a hill, on the highest 

 part of which is the castle-citadel, the vice-royal palace, the cathedral, 

 and the residences of the nobility. From the Castello district to the 

 shore is the Marina, a well-built region, in which the principal mer- 

 chants and foreign consuls reside ; here also are the bonding ware- 

 houses, ajBeual, and lazaretto. The two other districts of the city are 

 called Stampace and Villanova ; and besides these there is a suburb 

 named St.-Avandre'. Cagliari is an archbishop's see, which dates from 

 the beginning of the 4th century. It has a university with faculties 

 of theology, law, medicine, and philosophy and belles-lettres ; a library 

 of 1 5,000 volumes ; a museum with good collections of minerals, birds 

 of the island, and medals ; a college for the nobility ; a diocesan 

 seminary ; a grammar school ; a theatre ; and a mint. The cathedral, 

 a large building rich in marbles, was built by the Pisans during their 

 possession of the island. There are nearly 30 other churches, 20 con- 

 vents, several hospitals, and an orphan asylum. The reale audienza, 

 or high judicial court for the south division of the island, sits at 

 Cagliari, as well as the commercial tribunal. The town enjoys great 

 municipal privileges and revenues. The harbour is safe, and large 

 ships find good anchorage in the bay. Cagliari is the chief port of 

 Sardinia, and almost the only one frequented by foreign vessels. 

 It export* cheese, wine, oil, salt, flax, hides, and horses. The 

 industrial products of the town are tobacco, cotton manufactures, 

 soap, furniture, leather, gunpowder, &c. Near Cagliari are extensive 

 salterns. 



Carales was founded by the Carthaginians, who no doubt selected 

 tho spot not only on account of its well-sheltered roadstead, but alno 



0*00. DIV. VOL. n. 



because of its opportune situation for communication with Africa. 

 After the Roman conquest of Sardinia it became the chief naval 

 station of the Romans in this land, and the residence of the pnetor. 

 In the war between Ctesar and Pompey Carales declared for the 

 former ; it was subsequently taken after a short siege by Menas, 

 lieutenant of Sextus Pompeius. It continued to be the capital of the 

 island during the Roman empire, after the island fell into the hands 

 of the Vandals, and all through the middle ages. A large salt-water 

 shore-lake to the west of the town, and communicating with the bay 

 by a narrow channel, appears to have been used in ancient times as 

 an inner harbour. Among the remains of the ancient city are an 

 amphitheatre, an aqueduct, vast cisterns, a small circular temple in 

 ruins, and on a hill outside the town numerous sepulchres. 



The Bay of Cagliari extends northward from a line joining Cape 

 Carbouara with Pula ; the length of this line is about 22 miles, and 

 the depth of the bay is about 10 miles. It affords good anchorage 

 and shelter from all winds except the south. Vessels lying close in 

 near the shore are further sheltered by Cape St. Elias. Along the 

 shore of the bay a great deal of salt is made. 



The province of Cagliari includes the southernmost part of the 

 island, with a population of 106,388. It is bounded N. by the pro- 

 vince of Isili, N.E. by that of Lanusei, and W. by that of Iglesias. 

 The principal town besides Cagliari is Quarto, which, stands on the 

 salt-marsh of Quarto, about five miles east from Cagliari : population 

 6000. It is known for its Malmsey wine. The east and west districts 

 of the province are mountainous, but the central tract north of Cagliari 

 is a fine and rich plain called Campidano, watered by the Ulla and its 

 affluents. The Ulla enters the sea west of Cagliari. The air of tho 

 plains is rather unwholesome in the summer months. A good carriage- 

 road leads from Cagliari to Sassari and Porto Torres through the whole 

 length of the island. 



CAHERSIVEEN, county of Kerry, Ireland, a market- and post- 

 town and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, in the pariah of Caher and 

 barony of Iveragh, is situated in a valley embracing an arm of the 

 sea which runs inland from the northern extremity of Valentia har- 

 bour, in 51 57' N. lat., 10 13' W. long., distant 227 miles S.W. from 

 Dublin and 234 miles W. by S. from Killorglin. The population in 

 1851 was 3155, but this number included 1293 persons in the Union 

 workhouse which is situated in the town. Cahersiveen Poor-Law 

 Union comprises 22 electoral divisions, with an area of 197,541 acres, 

 and a population in 1851 of 29,090. 



The valley in which the town is situated is bounded on the north 

 by mountains of considerable elevation, which separate it from Dingle 

 Bay. To avoid these elevations the coast-road from Tralee strikes off 

 from the shore of Dingle Bay at Drung, from whence it passes inland 

 through the valley of Cahersiveen. The road for a considerable dis- 

 tance is carried along the precipitous declivities of Drung Mountain at 

 a height of 200 feet above the eea. A late eminent traveller states 

 that this road " in the magnificence of its mountain and sea views is 

 little inferior to any of the celebrated roads along the shores of the 

 Mediterranean, and is in every way superior to the road from Bangor 

 to Conway in North Wales." (Inglis's ' Tour in Ireland.') The town 

 consists of one principal street, with a cross street leading to the 

 creek, on which there is a quay with a small breakwater, and higher 

 up is a pier for small craft. The roadstead for vessels of burden is 

 two miles farther west, at Rinard Point, where the Cahersiveen creek 

 joins the harbour of Valentia. The court-house and bridewell, and 

 the Roman Catholic chapel and convent, are grouped together at the 

 eastern end of the town. The parish church stands at the west end 

 near the new quay. The chief trade carried on is in the import of 

 timber, salt, and iron, and in tho manufacture of flour, for which there 

 are extensive mills half a mile east of the town on the river Cashan. 



CAHIR. Tipperary, Ireland, a market- and post-town, is pleasantly 

 situated on the banks of the river Suir, at the eastern end of the 

 valley between the Galtees and the Knockmeledown Mountains, at 

 the intersection of the roads from Dublin to Cork and from Water- 

 ford to Limerick, 10{ miles S. from Cashel : population 3719 in 1851. 

 The town is remarkably neat and clean. The parish church and tho 

 Roman Catholic chapel are both handsome edifices ; and the sessions- 

 house, the bridewell, the market-house, and the schools are tastefully 

 built, and add greatly to the appearance of the town : for much of 

 this improvement the town is indebted to the exertions of the Earls 

 of Glengall, whose seat, Cahir Castle, is on an island in the Suir, and 

 its extensive and beautiful grounds lie along both sides of the river. 

 This castle is of very ancient date, and of large size ; it was taken by 

 the Earl of Essex, by Sir G. Carey, and by Oliver Cromwell. It after- 

 wards fell into a dilapidated state, but has been recently restored in 

 a substantial manner and in correct taste. There are a Quakers' 

 meeting-house, a fever hospital, a dispensary, a loan-fund office, and a 

 police-station. A cavalry barrack is about a mile from the town. The 

 market is well attended. Fairs are held on February 8th, April 12th, 

 May 26th, July 20th, September 18th, October 20th, and December 

 7th, at which considerable business is done, particularly in corn. 

 Several flour-mills in the neighbourhood employ many of the inhabit- 

 ants. A few miles up the river are the ruins of Cahir Abbey, founded, 

 it is said, in the reign of John. 



CAHORS, a city in the south of France, capital formerly of the 

 district of Quorey, now of the department of Lot, is situated on the 



