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r.U.AUIMA 



UM ftllVM, 



ABU WHWUI MCftflOM ttf* Ol\*MI flBMH W PPMMlMkM 



i * rMMrala. d IflMwis* p*rlodiooHy to UM Spirit 



oft*.* River, when UM iluMiBi are carried out to the bar and there 

 thrown overboard to b* devoured by the sharks. Every eighth .lay 



la drinking Balm-win* in a 



CALA-BJUA, . divtrfoB of Ik. kgdom of UM Two 



UM Outfof 



to UM Strait of 



between 

 lu length from 



JoiMd by narrow DM* on 

 SqvObn **d Suit" Kufemia 

 lull Hill trom ea to <M i* 



and UM Medilerraaeaa 



wuthmi border of Baailicata to Cape Sparti 

 . at UM extremity of the Italian peaiaenla is about 145 miles. 



i of two penlnenU* of very neariy equal length, 

 ' only 1 mile, broad, between the gulf* of 

 Th* greatest breadth of th* northern 

 hoot 60 mBes, and that of UM southern 

 i i* in fsw plaoM above M mile*. Th* total are* of Calabria 

 is m* *a.uare miles, and UM population in 1851 was 1,1*6,650. 



Th* A pennine* ma southward through Calabria, forming large and 

 irregular BM**** with numerous oflsets toward* both seas, and occu- 

 pying UM greater part of the surface. In the north the main ridge 

 runs doe* to the Mediterranean coast a* far a* the Savuto, to the 

 ofCoaeoaa, where It spread* eastward acroe* the breadth of the 

 a munUin region of about 35 mile* in length 



and S5 mile* in breadth from north to south. 

 Thi* rvgksB, which i* called La Sila. and from which in ancient time* 

 MM Athenian* and Sicilians applied themselves with masts and ship- 

 mmbar, i* a UbU-l.nd traversed by numerous range* of high hills, 

 th* summits of which are covered with pine forests, and the lower 

 lope* with oaks, beeches, and elms. The plains between the hills 

 are watered by numerous stream*, and produce rich pasture. The 

 whole region abound* with beautiful scenery, combining forest and 

 mountain, rock and glen, river and plain. Landed proprietors from 

 all the neighbouring towns migrate annually in the spring with their 

 bmili**, shepherds, and flock* to this healthy and beautiful table-land. 

 la the** mountain* the riven Crati, Neto, Savuto, and many smaller 

 towns have their rise. Near Xicastro, and between the source* of 

 th* Iramato and Corace, the Apennine ridge become* narrow, and as 

 it approaches the isthmus above mentioned the elevation is so small 

 thatCharie* III. of Naples proposed to cut a canal through it to 

 connect the gulfs of Sent' Eufemia and Squillace. To the southward 

 at this remarkable depression the mountain* rise again and form 

 another large mas* called Aspromonte, which fill* neariy the whole 

 width of the country above Reggio. The Aspromonte is a very 

 Impnaing rang* a* seen from the coast* of south Italy : it* sides are 

 covered with forest* of beech and oak, and it* cre*t with pines. The 

 highest summit* of the Calabrian Apennines do not exceed 

 5000 feet, except Monte Pollir.o on the border* of Basilicata, which 

 rise, to 7000 feet The highest point of La Sila U neariy 6000 feet, 

 and the summit of Aspromonte is 4500 feet above the sea. The 

 CaUbrian Apennine* are chiefly of limestone ; primary rock* appear 

 only in the southern portion of the chain, particularly in the range of 

 the Aspromonte, which in its geological structure and physical 

 character more nearly resemble* the neighbouring mountains of Sicily 

 than the Apennines. Between the various mountain masses and 

 their offset* are some extensive valleys along the banks of the prin- 

 cipal riven, which terminate in plains near the sea. The valleys of 

 Cosens* and Monteleone, and the plain of Oioja, ore the most 

 extensive and fertile. The olive, the vine, the mulberry, the orange, 

 and the lemon grow luxuriantly. Calabria produces a variety of good 

 wines, some of which keep very well for yean. Raw silk and oil are 

 the staple productions of the country. Manna is gathered in large 

 quantities in several district* from a species of ash. Cotton is also 

 grown, and the sugar-cane succeeds. Vast quantities of liquorice are 

 produced. Saffron grow* wild in the pasture-grounds about Cosenza, 

 and UM caper on the stony district* of all three provinces. The 

 climate is suitable for the production of raisins and currants; the 

 bat are those grown in the island of Dino, close to the coast between 

 the month of the Lao and the Trecchina, and on the little island 

 of CwW/a, a few mile* south of the Lao. Calabria has a fine breed 

 oC horn, of the true classical shape ; they are not very numerous, mule* 

 being in more request from the nature of the country. Other stock 



I!. : . I. : . 







attl, 



i i m 



country, 

 and pigs. Bee* are very numerous. 



ft . . ., r O ' "eBBw vvaw uuuvuo. 



Calabna i. divided for th* purpose, ofadmmistntion into three 

 ratendenn, or provinces, Calabria Citra, Calabria Ultra II and 

 Calabria Ultra !., which are severally governed as already explained 

 in th* article BAU, TIBRA DI. 



Calabria Citra, which is the meet northern part of the division, for- 



*l %? f " Un-T * tfmd ln Utnb ' * *ni " and improvi 

 <** ~" *ag*inent of the forest* this source of wealth hoi 

 rather declined. The destruction of the timber, beside* enhancing 

 UM price of furl, ha* caused in many places UM drying up of the 



"- -wfaga. and exDceed the v^tible soil, formed by the 



foliage of UM (orwU for thousand, of year*, to b, Woohed 

 rente during UM winter rain*. The lowland riven are 

 u,u. m many instance, choked with alluvial deposit*, and one* 

 fertile dUtricta are converted into unhealthy manhe*. The ship- 

 Umber of La 8ila i* brought toCorkliaao, near the cceMof the Gulf of 

 Taranto, which i* also UM centre of th* Banna trade, and ha* scvrnl 



UraoritM factories. In Calabria fltra IL there U also a conai.ler- 

 ,lio tnd* in manna and asffron ; silk i* nuuiiifactured in it* capital 

 Caatajuaro, At Briatioo, on UM Onlf of Saul 1 Eufemia, to the north 

 of MoatolwuM, and at Maida, near the great depression in the Apen- 

 nine chain abov* noticed, coal ha* been found ; at Maida antimony 

 Uo and alabaster occur. There are iron-furnace* in the south-east 

 of the province for smelting the iron-ore from the mines of Lo Stilo, 

 which are situated just within the boundary of Calabria Ultra I. The 

 iron U formed into cannon* at the foundrie* of La Serra, a little 

 further inland. Th* on* of Lo Stilo are said to be very rich ; they 

 form part of the royal domain, and are not profitably worked. The 

 prince of Satriano has a foundry on hi* own estate, at which a small 

 quantity of iron i* smelted. Iron is found aim in the southern part 

 of the A'promonte range. At Reggio, the neighbourhood of which 

 is famous for ita dried fruits, cedrat and other essential oils are pro- 

 duced. Other industrial products are silk stuffs at Scylla and it* 

 neighbourhood, and soap. The sea-fisheries give employment to 

 many of the inhabitant* of the coast towns; vast quantities of tunny, 

 sword-fish, anchovy, and mullet are taken. The tunny, which 

 treasures 6 to 8 feet in length, and a* much in circumference, 

 frequently weigh* above 4 cwt. The fish swim in shoals, and are 

 caught in chambered net*. The sword-fish always attend* the tunny 

 shoal*, which frequent the Mediterranean between June and August, 

 and i* sometimes taken in the chambered net*, but U more frequently 

 harpooned during the passage of the shoals through the Strait of 

 Messina. Its length including the sword varies from 8 to 12 feet, 

 and it weigh* about 2 cwt ; the flesh i* more delicate than that of 

 the tunny, and somewhat resembles veal The anchovy is taken in 

 nets from March to May, cured and packed on the spot, and exported 

 to all part* of Europe. The mullet abounds on all parts of the coast, 

 especially at the mouths of the riven ; it is taken chiefly for the roe 

 which is salted and dried like caviare, and under the name of bottarya 

 eaten as a delicacy with oil and lemon-juice. 



The northern boundary of Calabria Citra is formed by the little 

 river Canna, which flows into the Oulf of Taranto to the north of 

 Rocca Imperiale ; by the offset of the Apennines which runs south- 

 ward from the source of the Canna to the source of the Sinno and 

 Monte Pollino ; and thence by a line westward to the Nooe or 

 Trecchina, and along this river to its mouth in the Oulf of Policastro. 

 The province extends southward to an irregular line, running in 

 n general direction of west-south-west from the Lacanica or Fiumeuica 

 which falls into the Oulf of Tarauto, a few miles north of the 

 promontory of Punta dell' Alice, to the mouth of the Savuto. The 

 northern part of the province includes a portion of ancient Lucania 

 (which extended south as far as the Crati and the Lao) : the rest of this 

 province, and the whole of the other two Calabrias anciently belonged 

 to liruttiuui. The principal riven of Calabria Citra are the Crati and the 

 Neto. The Crati (ancient Crathis) rises to the south of Cosenza, within 

 about 12 miles of the Mediterranean coast, and runs north between 

 the Apennines and the region of La Sila to below Biaignano, where 

 it receives the Mucone (which drainx the north-west port of La Sila) ou 

 its right bonk. Below Bisignono, it turns north-east to its mouth in 

 the Oulf of Taranto. About three milej from its mouth it is joined 

 on the left bank by the Coscile, the ancient Sybarin, which drains a 

 large district The whole length of the Crati is about 60 miles. The 

 Neto rises east of Cosenza in the Sila region, of which it drains the 

 control ports. It flows rapidly in o broad channel and in a general 

 eastern direction into the Adriatic, about midway between Punta 

 dell 1 Alice and Cape Nau or Colonna. The Saruto rises at the foot 

 of Monte Spineto, one of the highest summits of the Sila, and flows 

 with a deep impetuous stream westward to the Mediterranean. The 

 eldest son of the emperor Frederick II. was accidentally drowned in 

 the Savuto. The rest of the riven are short, being for the most part 

 mountain torrents running directly into the sea. None of the riven 

 is of any importance to navigation. 



The province of Calabria Citra contains an area of 2613 square 

 miles, and had a population of 435,841 in 1851. It is divided into 

 four district* or arrondissements named from the chief town of 

 each Cosenza, Roeaano, Paolo, and Castro villari and into 146 

 communes* 



Cotriaa, Ihe capital of the province, occupies the site, and retains 

 the name of the ancient Cotcntia, the chief city of the Bruttii. It 

 i* situated at the junction of the Buaento with the Crati, 160 

 miles S.S.E. from Naples, and has about 9000 inhabitants. The 

 city stands partly in a deep glen and partly on higher ground, on 

 the left bank of the Cnb. The lower part of it is exposed to 

 malaria, the higher part i* healthy, and contains the tribunate, or 

 c'liirt-liotue, a fine building, several public establishment*, and many 

 mansions of the opulent proprieton of the province. The streets 

 are generally narrow and crookml, hut the shojm ore good. There 

 are important silk-factories in tlm town. Phiiip the Hardy ou his 

 return from Tunis with remain* of St-Louin lost his wife, Isabella 

 of Aragon, In Coaenxa. CoMtua give* title to on archbishop. The 

 cathedral contains the tomb of Duke Louis III. of Anjou. Aloric, 

 king of the Ootiu, was buried in the bed of the Buscuto. 



Among th* other town* the following may be noticed: Acri, 

 north-cast of I'oneua, on the Mucone, a feeder of the Crati : popu- 

 lation about 7000. Apriyliano, situated on a steep hill, a few 



