CALDER. 



CALEDONIAN CANAL. 



been partially educated in the college at Haileybury. A Sanscrit 

 college, a Mohammedan college, and an Anglo-Indian college, are 

 likewise supported by government. The residents of Calcutta sup- 

 port a variety of charitable institutions and of societies for religious 

 objects. Calcutta is the scat of the supreme court of judicature for 

 the presidency of Bengal. This court is under the control of a chief 

 justice and three puisne judges appointed by the queen. The courts 

 of Sudclur Dewanny Adawlut, and Nazamut Adawlut, established in 

 Calcutta, the first for civil, the last for criminal causes, are courts of 

 appeal from the provincial courts in all parts of India. 



In 1814 a bishop's see was erected within the company's dominions 

 in India ; the bishop, under the title of Bishop of Calcutta, has his 

 residence in that city : his salary was fixed by Act of Parliament at 

 5000/. per annum. 



(Rennell, Memoir of a Map of Hindustan ; Mill, Hii'.ory of British 

 India ; Teunant, Indian Recreations ; Reports of Committed of House 

 of Commons on the Affairs of India. 



CALDER, one of the rivers of Yorkshire, rises in the high grounds 

 on the borders of Lancashire, in a marsh in Cliviger Dean, south-west 

 of Burnley ; and from the same marsh rises a branch of the West 

 Calder, which runs in an opposite direction and joins the Ribble. The 

 course of the Yorkshire Calder is easterly, through the deep valley of 

 T odmorden : at Sowerby the river passes within two miles of Halifax, 

 and by Dewsbury and Wakefield, at which latter place it is crossed 

 ny a bridge of nine arches. From Wakefield the course of the Calder 

 is nearly north-east to Castleford, near Pontefract, where it joins the 

 Aire, which enters the Ouse five miles from Snaith. A little below 

 Salterhebble, about two miles south-west from Halifax, the Calder 

 receives the Hebble, a small but rapid stream, which rises above 

 Ovenden, and passes round the north and east Bides of the town 

 of Halifax; and a few miles farther east it receives the river Coin, 

 which rises near Holm Moss, and runs past Huddersfield. The Calder 

 is an important feature in the canal system of Yorkshire and Lanca- 

 shire, and forms part of the line of internal navigation between the 

 eastern and western coasts. The Rochdale Canal, 31 J miles in length, 

 commences in t'ie Calder and Hebble navigation at Sowerby bridge 

 wharf, and terminates by a junction with the Bridgewater Canal at 

 Manchester. The Calder and Hebble navigation is 22 miles long, 

 from its junction with the Aire and Calder navigation, about a quarter 

 of a mile from Wakefield, to the basin at Sowerby bridge, in which it 

 terminates. The CaMer forms a considerable portion of the lino, 

 except where cuts are made to avoid the circuitous course of the river. 

 There is a branch to Halifax. The Barnsley Canal commences in the 

 lower part of the Calder, near Wakefield, and joining the Dearne and 

 Dove Canal, which terminates in the river Dun navigation, opens a 

 communication with Sheffield and Rotherhaui. The Ramsdcn Canal 

 commences in the Calder and Hebble navigation, and terminates at 

 Hudderafield, from which a line of canal, called the Manchester, 

 Ashton, and Oldham Canal, extends to Dukenfield in the parish of 

 Ashton-under-Line, near which place it is joined by the Peak Forest 

 Canal. The canals of Lancashire and the West Riding of Yorkshire are 

 connected with the Ouse by the Aire and Calder navigation, which 

 includes the Selby Canal and the new canal from Ferrybridge to 

 Ooole. In 1625 an attempt was made to obtain an Act " for the 

 making and maintaining the rivers Ayre and Ca wider," but no Act 

 was passed before 1699. The clothiers of Leeds and Wakefield, in a 

 petition presented to the House of Commons in favour of the bill, 

 complained heavily of the difficulty of transporting their manufac- 

 tures: "the expense whereof," they state, "is not only very chargeable, 

 but they are forced to stay two months sometimes while the roads 

 are unpassable to market, and many times the goods receive consi- 

 derable damage, through the badness of roads, by overturning." 

 Within the present century the Aire and Calder navigation has been 

 rendered one of the most efficient lines of water communication in 

 the kingdom. The Aire is not navigable above Leeds. A little above 

 Leeds bridge the Leeds and Liverpool Canal locks down into the 

 Aire. The branch of the Aire and Calder navigation to Wakefield is 

 124 miles in length from the junction of the two rivers at Castleford; 

 and with the Calder and Hebble navigation and Rochdale Canal forms 

 the line of communication with South Lancashire, while the Leeds 

 and Liverpool Canal is carried through the middle and western parts 

 of that county, and terminates at Liverpool. At Haddlesey, 44 miles 

 from the Ouse, the Aire and Calder navigation has a branch to Selby, 

 which facilitates the interchange of commodities between Leeds and 

 Wakefield and the populous districts to the west, and the agricultural 

 districts of the East and North Ridings of Yorkshire. A fine canal, 

 t wide at top, ard 181 miles in length, baa been formed from 

 ferrybridge to Ooole. At Ooole capacious docks have been con- 

 structed, and a custom-house established, so that goods can be shipped 

 thence to foreign parts. [GoOLE.] About 1828 further improvements 

 were effected in the Aire and Cakler navigation, by which vessels 

 of 100 tons Impli -a i-i.n go to Leeds and Wakefield. Additional cuts 

 have also been made in order to avoid the circuitous course of the 

 river, and thn linn has )>y this meion Vi n rendered several mile 

 -.dorter. I!ut the commercial value of this important water commu- 

 nication has been conci'i ' nl by the great development of 

 'he railway system in this pnit of tho country. Many of the above- 

 mentioned canal-branches have been purchased by railway comi 

 my. VOT.. ir. 



and those which have not been so purchased are exposed to the 

 competition of railways running very near them. 



CALEDO'NIA, the name given by Tacitus and other ancient 

 writers to the most northern part of Britain, north of the aestuaries 

 of Glota and Bodotria (the Clyde and the Forth), which formed the 

 permanent boundaries of the Roman province. Tacitus calls the 

 natives the " Britons who inhabit Caledonia," and he says that the 

 reddish colour of their hair and their large limbs denoted them to be 

 of German extraction. ('Agricola! Vita.' 11, 25. ) Agricola was tho 

 first Roman general who came in contact with the Caledonians. In 

 the sixth year of his government he advanced beyond Bodotria bv 

 land, while his fleet followed along the coast. He met with a sharp 

 resistance, and the ninth legion was surprised by night in its camp by 

 the natives, who were at last repulsed after much loss on both sides. 

 In the following year Agricola marched again into Caledonia as far as 

 the Grampians, where more than 30,000 of the natives were posted 

 under the command of Galgacus, their principal chief. The battle, 

 which was won by Roman tactics, and attended with a dreadful 

 slaughter of the Caledonians, is described in a most lively manner by 

 Tacitus. In the night the natives retreated into the interior, after 

 burning their houses or huts, and Agricola could not tell which way 

 they had gone. Accordingly he moved back his army to the south of 

 the borders of Glota and Bodotria, the line between which he had 

 fortified by strong outposts. [ ANTONINUS, WALL OF.] There is no 

 evidence of the Romans having ever after advanced much beyond 

 those limits. The name of Caledonia has been often applied to 

 Scotland in general, though improperlv. 

 CALEDONIA, NEW. [NEW CALEDONIA.] 



CALEDONIAN CANAL, a connected series of lakes and canals 

 extending through Glenmore, or the ' Great Glen of Albion,' and con- 

 necting the Western Ocean with the North Sea. In 1773 the trustees 

 for forfeited estates employed the celebrated James Watt to report on 

 the practicability of a canal from sea to sea through Glenmore. 

 Watt's report was most favourable ; but the forfeited estates having 

 been soon after restored to the families to which they had formerly 

 belonged, the office of trustee was abolished, and the project dropped. 

 In 1802 the scheme was revived, and government employed Mr. 

 Thomas Telford, the civil engineer, to re-survey the district, and to 

 report the result of his investigations. This report was in favour of 

 the construction of the canal, and the work was immediately pro- 

 ceeded with under Mr. Telford's direction. Operations were com- 

 menced in 1803. In 1820 the eastern division of the canal was 

 opened for navigation. The whole line was opened towards the close 

 of 1823. The Caledonian Canal commences on the south-west on the 

 shore of Loch Eil at Corpach near Fort William, in 56 50' N. lat., 

 5 12' W. long., and joins Loch Lochy by a cutting 8 miles iu length ; 

 a short cutting of about 2 miles connects Loch Lochy with Loch 

 Oich ; n canal nearly 6 miles long continues the navigation from Loch 

 Oich to Loch Ness ; from the north-east end of Loch Ness a canal 

 of about 7 miles in length continues the passage to Clachnaharry near 

 Inverness ; whence by another short artificial cutting, it opens into 

 the Moray Frith on the shore of Loch Beauly, in 57 26' N. lat., 

 4 15' W. long. The length of this communication between the west 

 and east seas is in all about 60 miles, of which rather more than 37 

 miles are through natural lochs or lakes, and about 23 miles through 

 artificial cuttings. The summit level is at Loch Oich, which is about 

 94 feet above high water on the east coast at spring tides. There arc 

 28 lochs in the range, 14 being to the west of Loch Oich and 14 to 

 the east. The locks are about 170 feet in length and 40 feet in width, 

 the rise at each lock being 8 feet. The width of the canal at the 

 water surface is 120 feet ; at the bottom 50 feet ; the depth of water 

 is 17 feet. There were considerable engineering difficulties to be over- 

 come in the construction of the canal. The object proposed in this 

 national work was the avoidance of the tedious and often dangerous 

 voyage by the Orkneys and Cape Wrath. From Kinnaird's Head on 

 the east coast to the Sound of Mull on the west coast the passage by 

 the Orkneys and Cape Wrath is about 500 miles, while by the inland 

 navigation the distance is only 250 miles. By the Cape Wrath 

 passage also many shipwrecks had occurred. A large amount of 

 public money has been expended on the works. The returns have 

 been v ary small in comparison with the cost ; one chief source of 

 expected revenue was indeed cut off by the act of the legislature in 

 imposing duties upon the import of timber from the Baltic in order 

 to encourage the employment in this country of timber of Canadian 

 growth. For a number of years after the opening of the canal-vessels 

 were often detained in the lochs by calms and contrary winds : since 

 1847 this has been remedied by the establishment of steam-tug vessel*, 

 causing a considerable increase in the number of vessels using this 

 line of navigation. The amount of public money granted by Parlia- 

 ment at various periods from 1803 to 1847 was 1,232,3874. 8. ; the 

 amount received for canal dues, shore dues, &c., to 30th April, 

 1849, was 57.134J. 18. OK ; for towages, 1216/. 9. 8d. ; for rent of 

 houses, stables, lands, materials sold, &c., 9119J. 12. 3d. ; for interest 

 on Exchequer bills, interest from bank, &c., 11,411J. I5a. 2d. The 

 cost of construction, repairs, management, law expenses, shipping, 

 roads, &c., from 20th October, 1803, to 5th May, 1849, was 

 1,296,846*. 11. 7(<- ; cost and maintenance of steam-tug vessels, 

 13.142/. 8*. 1,1. The canal rates arc in most cases one farthing per 



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