Ml 



CALLAH, EL. 



u about 500.000 dollar*. Tbe public debt was 

 4.40 doUar. U 1SS3. 



The judicial powr w Tasted in a supreme court and district and 

 county cvMiru. The supreme court consists of a chief justice aud 

 < Mociate justioea, each of whom ha* a salary of 8000 dollan a 

 year. Tbe justices are circled by the people for MX year*, and are 

 so classified that on* goat out of office every two year*. The senior 

 judge in office u the chief justice. The fir.tju.lgr. of the dutrict 

 courU were choeen by the legislature, but all future judge* are to be 

 eUeted by the people : there are eleven district judge*, each having 

 aalary of 7500 dollan. A county-court judge i* elected in each 

 county for four yean. 



. aii.titutfon direct* that a superintendent of public in*t: 

 hall be elected, to bold office for three year* ; ami that the legisla- 

 ture ahall e*tablih public schools, in which instruction ahall be given 

 during at leait three month* in the year : it also provides funds for 

 their rapport A superintendent of public instruction has accord- 

 ingly been elected ; but few school* have as yet been established. 



Hittory. California was discovered by Cabrillo in 1542. It wan 

 next visited in 157S by Sir Francis Drake, who named it Now Albion. 

 It was first coloniaed in 1T68 by the Spaniards, who established in 

 various place*, chiefly west of the Coast Range, military posts (pre 

 aidios) and religious stations (miasiones). There wore four of these 

 military stations and twenty-one missions; and while California 

 remained subject to Spain the actual direction of the country was in 

 the hand* of the priests, the governor having scarcely any civil 

 authority. The priests collected the native Indians in villages, and 

 taught them to cultivate the soil, but gave them little other instruc- 

 tion either religious or secular. According to the latest account 

 published by the priest* there were above 18,000 of these nominally 

 ' converted Indians,' who spoke twenty different languages. On the 

 separation of Mexico from Spain the missions were broken up, and 

 the Indian* returned pretty generally to their native state. After the 

 declaration of Mexican independence a good many Americans and 

 other foreigners visited California for the purpose of hunting or traffic, 

 and several American* settled in the neighbourhood of San Francisco 

 Bay. The governor* appointed by Mexico were unable to maintain 

 tranquillity in the province, and the discontent increased till, in 1836, 

 It issued in a successful revolt, mainly excited it is said by the foreign 

 resident*. The government was overthrown without bloodshed, and 

 the governor and other official* were put on board a schooner and 

 hipped off* to Mexico. The Mexican government agreed to permit 

 the Californians to choose their own governors, and the country con- 

 tinued nominally subject to Mexico. It remained however in a state 

 of anarchy, and for some time before iU cession had become virtually 

 under the control of American citizens. On the termination of the 

 war between Mexico and the United States California was, as already 

 mentioned, formally ceded to the United States by treaty in February 

 1848 ; and on its rapid growth in wealth and population, consequent 

 on the gold discoveries, it was a year or two later admitted into the 

 Union as a sovereign state. 



(Col ton, Slatuticai Gazetteer of Ike United Stairs, 1853 ; 'American 

 Almanac; Fremont, Wilkes, and various Tratdt, Journeyi, <<-., in 

 California ; rititi to GM Dinmntjt, <<:.) 

 CAM. MI, KL. [AZXJKRIK.] ' 



CALLAN, county of Kilkenny, Ireland, in the parish and barony 

 of the same name, a market and post-town and the scat of a Poor-Law 

 Union; 82 miles S.W. by S. from Dublin, and 10 miles S.W. from 

 Kilkenny. It lies in 62 83' N. lat., 70 23' W. long. The population 

 in 18S1 was 2638, besides 2102 in the Union workhouse. Callan 

 Poor-Law Union comprises 20 electoral divisions, with an area of 

 104,011 acres, and a population in 1851 of 82,780. 



Callan i* situated in a flat and open district ou the Owenree, or 

 King's River, a tributary of the Nore. It was formerly a wulli-<l 

 town, and the remains of some of the ancient fortalices are still 

 standing. The four principal streets intersect on the south side of the 

 river. The principal object* on the north side, on which the smaller 

 portion of the town is situated, are the barracks and the ruins of an 

 Augnatinian friary, including a tower 90 feet high. These ruins are 

 connected by a wooden bridge with a convent and chapel of the same 

 order on the opposite aide of the river. In the chapel are some good 

 sculpture* and a well-painted altar-piece. The pariah church. for- 

 merly an abbey of the Augustiuian order, is a large and interesting 

 building. The parochial Roman Catholic chapel is situated on 

 elevated ground opposite the court-house and jail at the southern 

 extremity of the town. Quarter sessions are held at Callan in 

 rotation. By the encouragement of the guardian* of the proprietor, 

 a minor, the Earl of CUfden, the town has recently been mu 

 proved. Callan was formerly a municipal and parliamentary borough, 

 but wan nu.frmnchi.wd in both respect* by the Act of Union and die 

 Irish Municipal Reform Act. Tbe care of the street* is now vested in 

 town ooromiacfoDen under the Act of the Mh Geo. IV. c. 82. 

 CAI 



CALXE. 



- - 



CALLA'O, on the coast of Peru, In South America, U situated in 

 IV 4' 8. lat, 77* 10' W. long., distant about 6 mflesW. from Lima, 

 tb capital, of which it is the sea-port The two places an united by 

 a good level road akirUd on each side by trees; along this road there 

 i* rsfular oosunmioation bjr omnibuses. The population of Callao is 



estimated at 20,000. The bay is formed by the i/Oes of San Lorenzo 

 and Knmton, and a low sandy point projecting fn>m the main, between 

 ln. I. : re U a safe passage half a mile wide, called !.< 



run. Vvawl* are well sheftorod from all winds, except between 

 the north and wejt, which tcldoui blow <>. ( '.ill.i.. is the 



safest and most conv<-: .;-n_- !... coast to Cmi' ; > 'U iu 



Chili. TL-- sea i* always tranquil, and there i* anchorage everywhere 

 in the bay from 7 to 10 fathoms without any danger. A shoal extend* 

 about 400 yards from the beach, except immediately oppor 

 town, where a mole has been formed by sinking old hulks, within 

 which vessels of large burden may lie and discharge their cargoes. 

 During the war of independence they were secured by a boom acrosn, 

 and it was from thin situation that Lord Cochrane in 1820 so gallantly 

 cut out the Esmeralda Spanish frigate. The heavy surf on the beach 

 renders it generally impracticable to land to the southward of the 

 mole. Supplies of all sorts may be had in abundance nir 

 stock, vegetables, and fruit, cocoa, sugar, and spirit* ; but good 

 and wood are very scarce. 



The commerce of Lima causes an influx of vessels fi . 

 chiefly from Great Britain, into Callao Bay, besides which there is a 

 large traffic with the other states of western America, Bullion, 

 copper, cotton, bark, soap, vicuna wool, and hides are exported. The 

 exports for the year 1810 amounted to nearly a million 

 sterling : the customs duties on British goods, chiefly . 

 linens, amounted to about a quarter of a million. The total value of 

 imports into Callao in 1840 was estimated at 1,171,01^/. The vessels 

 entering the port in 1841 were 408, of 101,034 tons; the departures 

 were 494, of 99,944 tons. 



The town was originally built in the reign of Philip IV., and stooil 

 farther out ou the point than its present site. In 1746 it was entirely 

 destroyed by an earthquake, which <l>'im>li.<hi->l thn-e -fourth* <>. 

 itself ; of the inhabitants about 4000 perished, and nineteen vessels 

 were lost, some of which W.MV thrown to a considerable distance 

 inland. Vestiges of the old town are still on the point, buried in the 

 sand. Callao has been rebuilt on the same plan as before, but fun h IT 

 removed from the sea, and ou a much firmer soil The hou- 

 flat-roofed and slightly constructed of cane wicker-work, plastered 

 with mud, on account of the frequency of earthquake*, whir! 

 less effect on such frail edifices. The rare occurrence of rain in Peru, 

 and ita generally mild climate, render substantial dwellings ui; 

 sary. Very heavy dews at night supply the want of fert.i 

 showers. 



Callao consists almost entirely of the forts, barracks, custom -1. 

 and other government buildings ; the other house*, or rather huts, 

 being chiefly pnlperias (a low wine and chandler's shop) : but Bella- 

 vista, a suburban village, offers more convenience for residence, 

 fortifications of Callao consist of two round castles connected by a 

 curtain, and another on the point stretching towards San Lorenzo, 

 all commanding the bay, towards which they present a battery of 

 above sixty pieces of cannon, chiefly of large calibre. The j.i 

 fort was called San Philip, but i* now named La Intlcpcudeucia ; 

 beneath its walls is the arsenal. The great strength of the fort* 

 enabled the Spaniard* to hold out long after Lima had fallen into 

 the hand* of the patriots, to whom however they ultimately sur- 

 rendered in September 1821, supplies being cut off both by Ian 

 sea. Their fall may be said to have determined the ii. 

 of Peru. 



The tides in Callao Bay are very uncertain and irregular, being 

 greatly influenced by the strength and direction of the v. 



CALLINGTON. [CORNWALL.] 



CALM AR, or K ALMAR, Sweden, a fortified town, sea-port, and the 

 >at of a bishopric, is situated about 56' 40' N. lat, 16 20' E. long., 

 distant about 190 mile* 8.S.W. from Stockholm. The town stands on 

 the island of Quarnholm in tin- Ktraits or sound of Calmar, by 

 the island of Olund is xuparatml from the Swedish continent It is 

 included in that part of the ancient province of Smaland, which now 

 forms the political division of fulmar Liin. The popul.v 

 town in about 5600. fulmar is united by a bridge of boats t 

 suburb on the continent This suburb, built on the site .. 

 ancient town which was burnt in 1'JIT, contain* the ol,l oir-i 

 which the union of fulmar was agreed to in 1897, by which Sweden, 

 Denmark, and Norway were united under one sovereign. The castle, 

 which in still a strong building, is now used as a house of correction. 

 Calmar town U regularly built, but the houses are chiefly constructed 

 of wood, though there are excellent stone-quarries in the island of 

 Olund, distant about live mile* across the sound. The cathedral, the 

 castle, and a few other princi|*l public buildings are of stone. The 

 cathedral, a handsome edifice, stands in the middle of the great 

 square. It contains an altar-piece by Khronntahl. Calmar has a 

 jood grammar school and sev, ,, m | inatitutious. The 



library of the academy contain* about 4000 volumes. The harbour is 

 good, and the commerce of the town i still active, although it has 

 declined in amount of late years. The exports consist of iron, alum, 

 pitch, t Ac., and stone in large quantities from the Oland 



quarries. Ship-building is carried on. The manufactures include 

 woollen stuff's, tobacco, snuff, and potash. 

 ; SURRA LioffcJ 



CALNE, Wiltshire, a municipal and parliamentary borough and 



