253 



CALOTSA. 



CALVADOS. 



market-town and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, in the parish and 

 hundred of Calne, is situated on the Bristol road, in 51 26' N. lat., 

 1" 59' W. long., distant 31 miles N.N.W. from Salisbury, and 87 miles 

 W. from London. The population of the municipal borough in 1851 

 was 2544 ; that of the parliamentary borough was 5195. The borough 

 is governed by 4 aldermen and 12 councillors, one of whom is 

 mayor ; and returns one member to the Imperial Parliament. For 

 sanitary purposes the borough is under the care of a Local Board of 

 Health. The living is a vicarage in the archdeaconry of Wilts and 

 diocese of Salisbury. Calne Poor-Law Union contains eleven parishes 

 and townships, with an area of 27,689 acres, and a population in 1851 

 of 9173. 



This place in of remote antiquity ; many Roman remains have been 

 found in the neighbourhood. The West Saxon kings had a palace at 

 Calne, and an hospital of black canons existed here. In 977 a synod 

 was held here for adjusting the differences between the monks and 

 the secular clergy, at which the celebrated Dunstan presided : the 

 floor of the room gave way, and the whole assembly, with the exception 

 of Dunstan himself, fell with it. Calne is described in Domesday 

 Book as ' Terra Regis,' and is called ' Cauna." The town is built in 

 one of the numerous valleys hollowed out of the great chalk escarp- 

 ment. The high ground east and south of the town forms the table- 

 land of Marlborough Downs and Salisbury Plain. The Calne brook 

 rises about three miles to the north-west of the town in a hollow near 

 Compton Basket, and is joined by two other streams near the town. 

 The brook divides the town. Calne is paved and is lighted with gas. 

 The houses are fronted with stone, and the town has a cheerful 

 appearance. 



The church is a lofty and handsome edifice of great length ; the nave 

 is narrow ; exhibiting various styles of architecture, the round Norman 

 arch and billet moulding being found along with the pointed gothic. 

 The tower, which stands at the north side of the church, and contains 

 a peal of eight deep-toned bells, is remarkable for the beauty of its 

 proportions : it was built by Inigo Jones after 1628, in which year 

 the tower an 1 spire standing on the transept of the church fell. 



A new church called Christ church was built about twelve years 

 back on Derry Hill at the extremity of the parish, to which was 

 annexed a district containing 1511 inhabitants in 1851. There are 

 chapels belonging to Wesleyan Methodists and Baptists. The 

 Grammar school, founded in 1660 by John Bentley, Esq., has 

 attached to it two exhibitions at Queen's College, Oxford, given by 

 Sir Francis Bridgeinan in 1730; but these have not been claimed for 

 many years. There are National and Infant schools, and a school 

 for training female servants. 



The town-hall was repaired a few years ago at the expense of the 

 Marquis of Lansdownc. In this building the public business of the 

 town is conducted. A county court is held in the town. Calne 

 formerly possessed a share of the Wiltshire clothing trade ; but the 

 cloth-mills have been closed or converted into corn-mills. A branch 

 of the Wilts and Berks Canal comes up to the town. The market is 

 held on Wednesday. Fairs are held on May 6th and September 29th. 

 The air is salubrious, and the views of the adjacent country are very 

 fine. At Cherhill, about three miles east of the town, is the figure of 

 a white horse 157 feet in length, remarkable for the symmetry of its 

 proportions, cut in the chalk down about the year 1780 under the 

 direction of C. Allsup, Esq., surgeon. Bowood, the delightful 

 residence of the Marquis of Lansdowne, is about a mile west of the 

 town. 



LOTSA (also Kolotza and Kolosci), county of Pesth, Western 

 try, an archiepiscopal town, is situated in a marshy flat on the 

 -. an insignificant arm of the Danube, in 46 32' N. lat., 19 3' 

 K. I'm,-., aliout 74 miles S. from Pesth. Calotsa was known to the 

 Romans, and was of much greater importance before the Turks 

 overran the country. It has several handsome public buildings, the 

 most spacious of which is the archbishop's residence, with its exten- 

 sive library ; a chapter-house and cathedral, an ecclesiastical seminary 

 on a large scale ; a college and gymnasium of the Piarist order, Ac. 

 There are fine gardens attached to the archbishop's seat : an arti- 

 ficial hill in them is laid out as a vineyard. The town once pos- 

 sessed a celebrated printing establishment. The inhabitants, about 

 6000 in number, carry on extensive fisheries on the Danube, and rear 

 much cattle. The steam packets which ply on the Danube call at 

 Calotsa. 



CALPEXTYN. [CETLOS.] 



CALTURA. [CEYLON.] 



CALVADOS, a department in the north of France, formed out of 

 portions of the former province of Xormandie, lies between 48 46' 

 and 49 25' N. lat., 26' E. and 1 10' W. long.; and is bounded 

 N. by the English Channel (called by the French La Manche), E. by the 

 department of Eure, S. by that of Orne, and W. by that of Manche. 

 Its greatest length from east to west is 65 miles, from north to south 

 44 miles. The area is 2 132 square miles, and the population according 

 to the census of 1851 was 491,210, which gives 230'39 to the square 

 mile, being 55'68 in excess of the average per square mile for the 

 whole of France. The population of the department in 1840 was 

 496,198, and in 1846 it was 498,385 ; but in those years the area is 

 returned at 2147 square miles. It seems probable then that a portion 

 of Calvados has been recently annexed to some of the neighbouring 



departments, probably to that of Manche, the area of which, as given 

 in the returns of 1851, is considerably in excess of the amount stated 

 in previous returns. 



One of the vessels of the Armada, named Calvados, was wrecked in 

 1588 on a ledge of rocks that runs parallel to the coast for about 15 

 miles, and at the distance of a mile from the shore to the west of the 

 mouth of the Orne. The ledge soon came to be known by the name 

 of the Spanish ship, which has been extended to the whole depart- 

 ment. The districts of Xormandie out of which Calvados is formed 

 are the following : Bessin, extending between the Dive and the Vire, 

 and consisting of Bessin Proper, which had Bayeux for its capital ; 

 the Bocage, or southern Bessin, of which Vire was the chief town, and 

 which has been always remarkable for the very moderate stature of 

 its inhabitants ; and the plain of Caen : Attge, which comprised the 

 valley of the Touque below Lisieux, and extended westward to the 

 Dive : and the western part of Lieuvin, of which Lisieux was the 

 capital. The eastern part of Lieuviu is included in the department 

 of Eure. 



The south-western angle of the department is crossed by offsets 

 from the range of hills which separates the basins of the Loire and 

 the Seine. The rest of the department consists of extensive plains, 

 separated by low hills, and each drained by one or more rivers. The 

 plains all incline from south to north, and all the rivers fall into the 

 English Channel. The coast, which extends from the mouth of the 

 Seine to that of the Vire, is generally high and difficult of access ; 

 but on either side of the mouth of the Dive the shore is lined with 

 sand-hills. At the mouths of the Vire, the Orne, and the Dive are 

 tide 'harbours for vessels of considerable size. [CAEN.] 



The principal rivers are the Touque, which rises at Champhaut, 

 in the department of Orne, and, running past Lisieux and Pont- 

 I'EvSque, enters the Channel a little below the town of Touques after 

 a course of 50 miles : the Dive, which also rises in the department of 

 Orne and enters the Channel below the town of Dives ; it is joined 

 by the Vire, which drains the country between it and the Touque : 

 the Orne, which rises at Aunou, in the department of Orne, flows 

 north-west past Se'ez,, Argentan, and Pont-d'Ouilly, where it enters 

 Calvados ; then turning north-north-east it passes Caen, and falls into 

 the Channel after a course of 62 miles : and the Vire, which rises in 

 the south-west of the department, and passing Vire, Pont-Parey 

 (where it enters the department of Manche) and St.-L6, falls into the 

 Channel below Isigny in Calvados. All these are tide rivers, and are 

 navigable for several miles from the sea at high water ; on the left of 

 the embouchure of each lighthouses are established. The Seulles and 

 the Drome (which receives the Aure below Bayeux), flow into the 

 Channel through the plain between the Orne and the Vire. The 

 department is crossed by 9 national and 18 departmental roads. 

 The most important of the national road? is that from Paris to 

 Cherbourg, which passes through Lisieux, Caen, and Bayeux. Tho 

 parish roads also are numerous and well kept up. A railroad in 

 course of construction from Rosny (near Mantes on the Paris-Rouen 

 line) to Cherbourg crosses the department and passes through Lisieux, 

 Caen, and Bayeux. A branch line, also in course of construction, 

 leaves this railway about midway between Lisieux and Caen, and 

 runs south through Falaise and Alen9on to the Paris-Brest line at 

 Le-Mans. 



In its agricultural productions the department maintains a high 

 rank. It contains 1,364,251 acres, and all this surface, with the 

 exception of a small portion of heathland, is productive ; but except 

 in the plains corn-growing is not the principal object of the farmers' 

 care. On the rich pastures great numbers of cattle and horses are 

 reared. The system of green feeding is extending rapidly, and large 

 numbers of cattle are fattened for the markets of Paris and the 

 interior. Dairy farming is extensively followed, and a great quantity 

 of fresh and salt butter is made for export. The centre of this trade 

 is Isigny at the mouth of the Vire. The horses are of the true 

 Norman breed, and much valued for their shape and serviceable 

 qualities. The poultry of the department is abundant and excellent. 

 Great numbers of capons are sent to Paris. Wheat, potatoes, and cider 

 apples are grown in large quantities : early potatoes especially and other 

 vegetables are largely grown for export. Of cider, the annual produce 

 is 30,272,000 gallons. The best kind is that made in the Auge district ; 

 it will keep for years, and contains a large proportion of alcohol. 

 Melons, haricots, onions, &c., are extensively cultivated. Building 

 stone, marble, slate, brick, potter's clay, and iron are found. Marl 

 abounds in the arrondissement of Lisieux and Pont-1'Eveque, and is 

 used for manure. Coal mines are worked at Litry, in which several 

 steam-engines are employed. Coal is also imported from Belgium and 

 England. 



The chief industrial products of the department are cotton and 

 woollen yarn, fine and coarse woollen cloths, linen, flannel, blankets, 

 shawls, calicoes, lace, porcelain, and cutlery. [CAEN.] Throughout the 

 department the manufacture of lace alone gives employment to 50,000 

 persons, and the value of the lace annually exported amounts to 

 many millions of francs. The department contains several paper- 

 mills, sugar refineries, tanneries, oil-mills, and establishments for the 

 manufacture of chemicnl products and bleaching linen. The com- 

 merce of the department consists of its industrial products, together 

 with horses, fat cattle, wheat, butter, cheese, poultry, cider, honey, 



