. 



CALVADOS. 



UNA. 



brandy, clover-seed, hemp, flower-bulbs, wood, oil, Ac. The 

 ini|rta arc iron, wool, raw cotton, hides, ml colonial produce. 

 Great quantities of lobsters, oyster*, and other fish am taken along 

 the coast and conveyed to the markets of Paris an. I uf tlio interior. 

 Abore 180 fairs are held iu the year. 



1. Of the first arrondissement and of the whole department the 

 capital is Caen. [('.VEX.] Dourn* on the coast, 8 miles from Caen, 

 population 2100, and Viltm-Bocage, population 1146, which exports 

 great numbers of eggs, are the only other towns worth mention. 



2. Of the second arrondissement the chief town is falaite, 20 

 miles S.E. from Caen, on the Ante, a feeder of the Dive. It stands 

 on very uneven ground, and is divided into three distinct parts the 

 suburb of Ouibray, which is built on the top of a hill ; the town 

 itself, which occupies the slope ; and the faubourgs of Val-d'Ante and 

 St-Laurent, which are situated on the low ground. The churches of 

 St-Laurent, St-Oervais, and Ouibray ; the hospital, the public library, 

 and above all the ancient castle, which contains the apartment where- 

 in the Conqueror was born, are the most remarkable buildings in the 

 town. Falaiae has tribunals of first instance and of commerce, a 

 college, and a population of 8109. Cotton, hosiery, bobbin-net, and 

 coarse calicoes are manufactured ; there are also tanyards, paper-mills, 

 dye-houses, and bleaching establishments. In the suburb of Ouibray 

 an important fair is held from the 10th to the 25th of August, at 

 which great numbers of horses, cattle, and manufactured goods are 

 sold. At Hartmtrt-Thury, a small place of under 1000 inhabitants, 

 which formerly gave the title of Duke to the family of Harcourt, 

 the ducal castle, a vast structure, still stands in a beautiful situation 

 near the Orne; it is surrounded by well-laid-out gardens, and contains 

 a large picture gallery. 



3. In the third arrondissement the chief town is B.vYEl'X. Itiyny, 

 at the mouth of the Vire and the Atire, has a harbour for small 

 vessels, and exports butter, cider, hams, cattle, and other agricultural 

 produce. It has a tribunal of commerce, and a poulatiou of 2500. 

 The Vire is here crossed by a fine granite bridge. Litry, 10 miles 

 \V S.W. from Bayeux, has 2482 inhabitants, many of whom arc 

 employed in connection with the coal-mines of the neighbourhood. 



4. In the fourth arrondissement the chief town is Vire, the capital 

 of the Bocage, which is built on two steep hills, separated by the 

 river Vire. The largest portion of the town stands on the right bank ; 

 here are the general and the foundling hospitals. The part on the 

 left bank contains the nib-prefect's hotel and several large well-built 

 houses. The other remarkable buildings are the church of Notre- 

 Dame, the H6tel-Dieu, founded by the dukes of Normandy, the public 

 library, and the corn-market The town has a college, tribunals of 

 first instance and of commerce, and contains a population of 7400, 

 who manufacture fine linen, woollen cloths for the army, woollen 

 yarn, and paper ; and trade also in corn, wine, brandy, flax, hardware, 

 and iron. There are the remains of on ancient castle at Vire, the 

 possession of which was often contested by the English, French, and 

 Bretons. Condr-nr-Xairraw, at the junction of the Durance ami tin- 

 Noircau, is 14 miles E. from Vire, and has 5976 inhabitants. It was 

 held by the English till 1449, and was one of the first places to 

 embrace the reformation. It is a very ancient looking place. The 

 churches of St.-Sauvcur and St-Martin are the most remarkable 

 buildings. The town has a tribunal of commerce ; manufactures 

 woollens, calicoes, cotton-yarn, cutler)-, and leather ; and trades also 

 in cattle, flax, yarn, and honey. 



5. In the fifth arrondissement the chief town is Litieux (ffovio- 

 mag*,, Cirtia* Lejmrionun), which was also the capital of the Lieuvin. 

 It stands in a beautiful valley, watered by the Orbec and the Touque. 

 The mad from Caen to Evreux runt through the best and widest 

 street in the town. The other streets are narrow and winding, the 

 bouses high, old, and mostly timber-framed. The gothic cathedral, 

 a structure of the 12th century, which contains a beautiful 

 chapel (built by Pierre Canchon, bishop of Beauvais, afterwards of 

 Hsfani, "d one of the judges of Joan d'Arc), and the former 

 episcopal palace, are the finest buildings in Lisieux. The old ramparts 

 have been formed into promenades. The town contains Il,:i7s 

 inhabitant*, and has tribunals of first instance and of commerce, a 

 ooflsf*, and an ecclesiastical seminary. Linen, woollen cloth, flannels, 

 swan-elthu, bone covers, Upe, woollen and cotton yarn, are maim 

 fcetored. Then srealso Unyarda, paper mill.,, he I,,,',,-, . ami fullinc- 



>ilU Then products, together with corn, ci.l, V. l.utt.-r. 1 

 and cattle, form the items of a brisk trade, which is much foe:' 

 by UM ToaqtM, thin river being navigable at hfeh water f. 



to iU mouth. Orbtr, IS milrs from Lisieux, stands in a lovely valley 

 on the Orbec, a feeder of the Touque, and has 3350 inbV 

 are engaged in agriculture and in the manufacture of hosiery, tape, 

 woollen stuffs, and leather. 



6. In the sixth arrondisaement the chief town is Pont-rErfgur, 

 the capital of Auge, which stands in a wide plain at the junction of 

 the Touque and the Calonne, 25 miles K. from Caen, and has 3300 

 inhabitants. It was in this town that the Conqueror held the meet- 

 ing of the states of Normandy, at which it was resolved to invade 

 England. Laos ia the principal manufacture. Cider, cheese. 1- 

 fat cattle, and wood, are the chief articles of trade. The town has a tri- 

 bunal of first instance. J/onJmr stands at the foot of a hidi hill <m 

 the south shore of the nstuary of the Seine. It has a small harbour, 

 which consists of two basins ; the entrance to it is formed by jetties. 

 A third basin is now nearly completed. The town is irregularly 

 built; it has two churches, a royal school of navigation, and a popu- 

 lation of 9580. The public buildings of Honflcur are remarkable for 

 the oddneas of their ancient architecture. Vessels, belonging to the 

 town an engaged in the cod, herring, and mackerel fisheries. Hosiery, 

 lace, chemical products, ironmongery, and hardware are manufac- 

 tured. There are also saw-mills, sugar refineries, rope-walks, and 

 ship-building yards. Com, cider, melons, sausages, and fish are the 

 i-hief articles of trade. There are two lighthouses at Honflcur. 

 Dirt*, at the mouth of the Dive, from which the Conqueror sailed 

 against England in 1066, is now a mere fishing village with about half 

 a thousand inhabitants. 



The population of the department is scattered over the surface, 

 living mostly in hamleU and farm-houses. This accounts for the 

 small number of towns of any considerable size. The department 

 forms the bishopric of Bayeux. It is included in the jurisdiction 

 of the high court of Caen in which town there is a provincial uni- 

 versity of high repute with faculties of law, science, and languages ; 

 and it belongs to the second Military Division, of which Rouen is 

 head-quarters. 



(AI.VAliY. [JERUSALEM.] 



CALW, or CALBE, the chief town of the bailiwick of Calw iu the 

 Wurtcmberg circle of the Block Forest, is situated in 48 4'2' X. lit., 

 8 44' E. long., on the river Nagold in the bottom and on the side of a 

 narrow valley of the Black Forest : the population is about 4300. 

 The town is of very ancient date, and was until the early part of the 

 14th cenfury the capital of the former earldom of Calw. It wan 

 burned by the French under Melac in 1692. The ruins of the castle 

 of the former counts of Calw stand on the hill above the town. The 

 river divides the upper town from the lower town. Calw contaim 

 several churches. It has long been the seat of a considerable tr.iJr. 

 The inhabitants are employed in the woollen and kerseymere manu- 

 factures, in the spinning of woollen yarn, in dye-works, and in manu- 

 factures of stockings and leather. Lime and charcoal form consider- 

 able items of traffic. The charcoal is prepared in the surrounding 

 districts of the Block Forest The roads in the neighbourly 

 very imperfectly attended to, so that travelling ia difficult Calw wan 

 the birth-place of Pope Victor II., one of the counts of Calw, and of 

 Weese, the surgeon who saved the life of Augustus, king of 1'olainl, 

 at Bialyxtock in 1727. 



CALYCADNUS, RIVER [ANATOLIA.] 



CAMAKES. [AVEYROH.] 



CAMARGUE. [BouciiEs-DC-RHtaE.] 



CAHARI'NA (Kofuipam), a town iu the south of Sicily, on the river 

 Hipparis, very near the sea. Camarina was a Dorian town (Tim. \,l. 

 iii. 86), the most considerable of the Syracusan colonies (Strab. \\. p. 

 272, <j, Casaub.), founded B.C. 600 (Clinton, F. H., vol. i. p. 226, 2nd 

 edit), 135 years after the foundation of Syracuse from Corinth 

 ( Thucyd. vi. 6). The situation was unhealthy, owing to the neigh- 

 bourhood of a marsh which was formed by the river Hipparis ; this 

 marsh however was so great a safeguard against the attacks of enemies, 

 that it was considered that the draining of it would be fatal to Cama- 

 rina. Hence the proverb f.) aim Ka/uapfray ( ne moren* C'amarinam ) ; 

 which imp]!' 'I tli it, although the marsh was an evil, the danger wbirh 

 would attend its removal would be a greater one. Only a lew 

 now remain, bearing the ancient name. Few towns have undergone 

 so many and so remarkable revolutions as (.'aumriua. About 46 years 



Coin of dmtrins. 

 Brit. MII-. Actu.il Uc. Mlv< r. 2GC griini. 



foundation it r "1'.-<1 from the mother state, and the town 



<1. The Syi-M-iisans were afterwards forced t-> 

 ('.im.-iriua t>i Hippocrates, tyrant of Ocla, who however colonised it 



<!"l"i!. th f Hij'i-fi'-i 



