257 



CAMBAY. 



CAMBRIDGE. 



258 



(Herod, vii. 156), and removed the inhabitants to Syracuse. The 

 town appears to have been again rebuilt by the people of Gela about 

 B.C. 461. In the great Carthaginian invasion of Sicily the territory 

 of Camarina was ravaged by Himilco in the spring of B.C. 405 ; the 

 city itself was not attacked, but Dionysius, unable to protect it from 

 the Carthaginians, induced or constrained the inhabitants to remove 

 from it to Syracuse, which they afterwards left for Leoutium. 

 (Diodor. Sicul." xiii. 108, 111, 113 ; Xen. ' HelL' ii. 3, 5.) By a sub- 

 sequent treaty the inhabitants were allowed to return to their homes, 

 but only as tributaries to Carthage. Camariua afterwards assisted 

 Dionysius in his war with the Carthaginians. On the death of the 

 elder Diouysius the people of Camarina supported Dion in his march 

 upon Syracuse. Camariua was afterwards restored and enriched by 

 Timoleon (Diodor. Sicul. xvi. 83 ), B.c. 336. 



The inhabitants of Camarina took the side of the Romans early in 

 the first Punic War. In B.C. 258 the town was betrayed to the 

 Carthaginians, but being recovered by the Romans, many of the 

 citizens were sold as slaves as a punishment for their defection. 



In B.c. 255 a serious disaster befel the Roman fleet on the coast near 

 Camarina : of 364 ships 284 suffered shipwreck in a violent tempest. 

 The town existed in the 2nd century of the Christian era, but its 

 history is not traceable to a later period. Its site is now desolate. 

 The remains of the town include only some scattered portions of the 

 old walls, and a church, which was originally a temple. Remains of 

 the port and portions of buildings on the shore were still visible in 

 the 17th century ; these are now for the most part buried in sand. 



CAMBAY, a large city, supposed to be the Camanet of Ptolemseus, 

 situated at the mouth of the Mhye River and at the head of the Gulf 

 of Catnbay, in 22 21' N. lat., and 72 48' E. long. When Gujerat was an 

 independent state, Cambay, as the sea-port of its capital Ahmedabad, 

 enjoyed a high degree of commercial prosperity, which it has since 

 lost. The city contains several mosques and Hindoo temples, and the 

 remains of many more religious edifices, the greater part of which 

 appear to have belonged to the sect of Jains, whose religion was 

 formerly predominant in this part of India. The trade of Cambay 

 formerly embraced the export of silk and chintz goods, jewellery, and 

 indigo, but at present nearly all its export trade consists of grain sent 

 to Bombay. The surrounding country is fertile, and furnishes oil, 

 seeds, wheat, and other grains. The silversmiths of Cambay still 

 retain their superiority in the art of embossing. Until the beginning of 

 the present century, the city and territory of Cambay were governed 

 by a native prince, who was tributary to the Mahrattas, but on the 

 overthrow of the Peishwa the British succeeded to his rights, and the 

 prince now pays tribute to the East India Company. The territory 

 includes an area of 500 square miles, with a population of 37,000, 

 and a public revenue of about 30.000/, The amount of tribute paid 

 to the British government is about 60001., besides half the customs 

 duties of the port of Cambay. The Nawaub maintains a force of 200 

 cavalry and 1500 infantry. 



CAMBAY, GULF OF, formerly known as the Gulf of Barygaza, is 

 situated on the north-west coast of India, and extends from the 

 southern extremity of the peninsula of Gujerat, in 20" 40' N. lat., and 

 71 7' E, long., to the city of Cambay, a distance of 130 miles. In 

 consequence of the currents and the bore which occur in this gulf, its 

 navigation is dangerous. The waters of the Saubermutty, the Mhye 

 or Mahy, the Dhandur, the Nerbudda, and the Tapti rivers discharge 

 themselves into this gulf. 



CAMBERWELL. [SCRBET.] 

 CAMBODIA. [CocaiN CHINA.] 

 CAMRORNE. [CORNWALL.] 



CAMBRAI, a fortified city of France, in the department, of Xord, 

 stands on the right bank of the Kscaut ( Schcldo ), 100 miles N.E. 

 from Paris, 19 miles 3. from Douai; in 50 10' 37" N. lat, 3 13' 32" 

 E. long., and has a population of about 20,000. 



In the latter period of the Roman empire this city rises to notice 

 under the name of Camaracum, by which it is mentioned in the 'Itine- 

 rary of Antoninus' and the Theodosian table. It was one of the chief 

 towns of the Nervii ; Turnacum ( Tournay ) being the other. Cambrai 

 U >aid to have been the capital city of Clodion, the son of Pharamond 

 (A.D. 427-448), and to have given title to his kingdom. Charle- 

 magne fortified the town, and Charles the Bald ceded it to its bishops, 

 by whom the sovereignty of it was long retained. In 1510 the emperor 

 Maximilian I. erected Cambrai into a duchy and principality of the 

 empire in favour of the then bishop and his successors. In 1543 the 

 emperor Charles V. rendered himself master of the place, and erected 

 the citadel, one of the strongest in Europe, on a height at the eastern 

 xtremity of the city. The fortifications were much strengthened by 

 Vauban. Th English took Cambrai by escalade, June 24, 1815. 



The city is large. It is entered by four gates. The streets are of 

 tolerable width, but not regularly laid out, and there are a great 

 number of old houses with their gables to the streets. The Placer 

 d'Armes is capable of containing all the garrison drawn up in order 

 of battle. There are some handsome public buildings, among which 

 U the cathedral church of St.-Sepnlchre, which contains the remains 

 and a monument by David of Fdnelon the great archbishop of Cambrai ; 

 ' surmounted by a steeple remarkable for delicacy of architecture. 

 In the first French revolution Feuelon's remains were torn from the 

 rYe, and the leaden coffin which contained them converted into 

 OKOO. DIV. VOL. II. 



bullets by the sacrilegious madmen of the time. The principal of the 

 other buildings are the church of St.-Gdry ; the public library which 

 is established in the church of the former hospital of St. -Jean, and 

 contains 30,000 volumes besides a large number of manuscripts ; the 

 town-house ; the theatre ; and the archiepiscopal palace. Among the 

 educational establishments of the town are a college, a school of 

 anatomy, and an ecclesiastical seminary. Tribunals of first instance 

 and of commerce are held in Cambrai. The see was founded in the 

 5th century ; it was erected into an archbishopric in 1559, suppressed 

 at the first French revolution, and re-established in 1841. The only 

 suffragan of the archbishop of Cambrai is the biahop of Arras ; hia 

 own diocese is formed by the department of Nord. 



Cambrai is favourably situated for trade, in consequence of its 

 position on the Escaut ( which here begins to be navigable), and the 

 canal of St.-Quentin, which connects the town with the Oise and the 

 Seine. The chief manufactures are cambric ( which derives its English 

 name from the town ), lawn, linen, thread, and cotton-yarn, lace, 

 hosiery, fine muslin, leather, black soap, starch, beet-root sugar, beer, 

 brandy, salt, and saltpetre. The commerce of the town consists of 

 these articles, and of corn, wine, wool, iron, cattle, coal, hops, &c. 

 ( Dictionnaire dc la France.) 



CAMBRESIS, a district formerly in the Low Countries, now forms 

 the greater part of the arrondissement of Cambrai, in the department 

 of Nord in France. It ia a small district with a level surface, watered 

 by the Escaut and its tributaries (the Senset and the Selle), and by 

 the Sambre, a tributary of the Meuse. It produces grain of all sorts, 

 and flax, and affords pasturage to many sheep and horses. 



It was in ancient times part of the territory of the Nervii. On the 

 downfal of the Western empire it came into the hands of the Franks. 

 Being subsequently comprehended in the Germanic empire it was 

 erected by the emperors into a county, held for 400 years by laymen, 

 bvit afterwards ceded to the bishops of Cambrai. It was appropriated 

 by Charles V., and remained in possession of the Spaniards till 1677, 

 when it was conquered by Louis XIV. and confirmed to France by 

 the peace of Nimeguen in 1678. 



The capital was Cambrai, or according to some Le Gateau. The 

 small town Crevecceur was also in Cambreais. [CAMBRAI ; NORD.] 

 (Dictimmaire dc la France.) 



CAMBRIDGE, the county town of Cambridgeshire, a municipal 

 and parliamentary borough, university town, and forming of itself a 

 Poor-Law Union, is situated in 52 13' N. lat., 7' E. long., distant 

 50J miles N. by E. from London by road, and 574 miles by the 

 Eastern Counties railway. The population of the town of Cambridge, 

 comprising 14 parishes and including the University, was 27,815 in 

 1851. The borough is governed by 10 aldermen and 30 councillors, 

 one of whom is mayor ; and returns two members to the Imperial 

 Parliament. Cambridge is in the archdeaconry and diocese of Ely. 

 Cambridge Poor-Law Union, which is co-extensive with the 14 

 parishes comprised within the borough, includes an area of 3470 acres. 

 Cambridge is situated on the river Cam, from which the town 

 derives its name. The town is called Grentebridge in the Domesday 

 Survey ; Granta was the ancient name of the river, and the name is 

 retained by it above Cambridge. A small village about 2 miles S.W. 

 from Cambridge is still called Grantchester. It appears certain that 

 the Romans had a station here, and there is little doubt that it was 

 the Camboricum of Richard of Cirencester, the Camboritum of the 

 ' Itinerary of Antoninus,' though Horaley supposes the site of Cambo- 

 ricum to have been at Icklingham in Suffolk. [BRITANNIA.] The 

 Roman town appears to have occupied the site of the north or castle 

 end of the present town. Some entrenchments are still traceable. 

 Bede speaks of Cambridge as being at the close of the 7th century a 

 deserted city. It was burned by the Danes in 871, and again 

 in 1010. While the Isle of Ely was held against William the 

 Conqueror by the English nobility, that monarch built a castle at 

 Cambridge Grose says in the first year of hia reign ; but according 

 to Ordericus Vitalia in 1068. That the town had risen to considerable 

 importance at the time the Domesday Survey was made ia evident 

 from the description of it in that record. In 1088 Cambridge shared 

 the fate of the county in being laid waste with fire and sword in the 

 cause of Robert Curthose. In 1174 a fire happened at Cambridge 

 which, among other extensive damages, injured most of the parish . 

 churches and destroyed that of the Holy Trinity. King John among 

 other privileges granted the townsmen of Cambridge a mercatorial 

 guild, and the liberty of being governed by a provost to be chosen 

 annually by themselves. The style of their government was after- 

 wards altered by King Henry III. to that of a mayor and four 

 bailiffs. The town has sent members to Parliament from the earliest 

 period of our parliamentary records. King John was at Cambridge 

 on the 16th of September, 1216, about a month before his death. 

 On his departure he intrusted the defence of the castle to Fulke de 

 Brent, but it was soon after taken by the barons ; and after the king's 

 death a council waa held at Cambridge between the barons and Louis 

 the dauphin. In 1249 we have the first notice of serious discord 

 between the townsmen of Cambridge and the scholars of the Uni- 

 versity. Subsequent dissensions between them frequently occur in 

 different periods of their annals. From about 1266 to 1270 the town 

 appears to have Buffered on several occasions from the attacks of 

 the turbulent inhabitants of the We .of Ely. On one occaaion they 



8 



