CAMBRIDGESHIRE, 



HI UOMA. 



About the year 870 Cambridge wu burnt by the Danish 

 invaders ; the monasteries of Ely, Soham, uid Thorney were destroyed, 

 ad their inmate* slaughtered. The Ant atUck of the barbarian* on 

 the Ile of Ely WM repulsed, but the Moond was successful ; many of 

 the Saxon noble* who bad taken rafug* there with their effects became 

 the jirry of the invader*. ID 875, in the reign of Alfred, the larger 

 i of the I>anUh army wa* potted at Cambridge, which had 

 built. In '.'-' 1 an army formed of the Dane* aettled in East 

 Anglia by Alfred. surrendered at Cambridge to Edward the Kid, r 

 In 1010 ( 'Mubridp- was again burnt by the Dane*, who were raraging 

 the country under their king Svein. When William the Conqueror 

 invaded England, the mo*t obstinate mritanc which he experienced 

 was in the Isle of Klv. Hen-ward le Wake, MO of Leofric, lord of 

 Brunne (Bourne M in Lincolnshire, had been banished in early life for 

 bis riulrnt temper, nnd having signalised hi* valour in foreign part*, 

 w in Flanders when the battle of Hastings WM fought in 1086. 

 Hearing that hit paternal inheritance had been (riven to a Norman, 

 and his mother ill-used, he returned to England and commenced 

 hostilities vgaintt the usurpers of bis patrimony. The Isle of Ely 

 was hia central station, and he built on it a wooden caxtle which long 

 retained his name. William surrounded the island with bin fleet and 

 army, attempting to make a passage through the fens by solid roads 

 < parts and bridges in other* ; and either awed by the supersti- 

 :' the times, or within? to make it subservient to his interest*, 

 he got a witch to march at the head of hi army and try the effect of 

 hrr incantation* against Hereward. The Anglo-Saxon, no way 

 daunted, set fire to the reed* and other vegetation of the fens, and the 

 witch and the troops who followed her perished in the flames. The 

 actions oMlereward became the theme of popular songs, and the 

 - own secretary, Inpulphus, has penned bis eulogium. 

 Curing his warfare against the Norman* his camp was the refuge of 

 <lie friend* <>f Siuton independence: Morcar earl of Northumbrio, 

 SUgand archbishop of Canterbury, Ellgwin bishop of Durham, and 

 others repaired to him. The defence of the Isle hutted till 1074, and 

 the Conqueror penetrated at last only by virtue of a compact with 

 the monks of Ely, whose lands beyond the island he had seized. 

 H.-reward, unsubdued, contrived to make his peace with the king, 

 obtained the restoration of bin inheritance, and died quietly in his 

 bed. 



In the civil wan of Stephen and the Empress Maud, the bishop of 

 Ely, wlio supported the empress, built a wooden castle at Ely, and 

 fortified the castle of Aldreth (in Haddenhom parish), which appears 

 to have commanded one of the approaches to the Isle. The Me then 

 and afterwards Buffered much from the ravages of war, and from 

 f.unine and pestilence. In the civil war between John and his barons 

 It) was twice ravaged by the king's troop, first under Walter de 

 Biiuck. and afterwards about 1216 under Fulke do Brent and his con- 

 federates. The barons took Cambridge castle, and the king marchm? 

 into Cambridgeshire did, as Holinshed expresses it, ' hurt enough ; ' 

 but on the king's retreat the barons recovered the Isle of Ely except 

 one castle, probably that at Ely. In the troubles which marked the 

 close of the reign of Henry III. the Isle was again the scc.no of . 

 It was taken and fortified by the barons, who ravaged the county and 

 took and plundered Cambridge, The Isle was retaken by the king's 

 son, afterwards Edward I., in 1266 and following years. In the civil 

 war of t'h.-irl.i I., the c-nmty of Cambridge supported the cause of 

 the Parli iment, The University adhered to the royal cause, and the 

 heads of the University voted their plate to be melted down for the 

 king's uoe. In 164S Cromwell took possession of Cambridge, and 

 tin- Karl of Manchester being sent down, expelled the most eminent 

 loyalists from the University ; in 1645 Cromwell was again sent to 

 secure the Isle of Ely. When the king was seized by Cornet Joyce 

 ' 1847 the parliamentary army was at Kennct, in this county, near 

 Newmarket; but the king was conveyed by Cromwell's order to 

 hilderley, near Cambridge, where Cromwell and Fairfax visited 

 him. On the th of June in the some year the king was removed to 

 Newmarket. 



< )f baronial castles this county has scarcely any remains : there arc 

 ome remains of a castle in Chevelcy Park and at But-well, both 

 Mar J.ewmarket; and earthworks, marking the site of castles, at 

 Kly, Bourne (between Cambridge and Potton, in Bedfordshire), and 

 C^mps, near Linton. Some old entrenchments at Swavesey 

 new St. I rr^ called the Castle, are probably the remains of a mansion- 

 house. Of Wiabeach Castle and Bassingbourne Castl,-, near Royston, 

 tbw-e are no remain*. At Downham in the Isle of Klv are some 

 m "*^ J f * "t 4 " 01 I* 1 " * of *>> bishops of Ely, and there are 

 some oM manor-bourn, or remains of manor-booses, in different 

 place.. The principal monastic establishment* in the county besides 



" < ' 



" < !!rT^?~ < ' Cmmbri i e ' H y. "'' Thorney, were Anglesey 

 Priory of A.itm canons at Bnttisham, between Cambridge and New- 

 markirt ; DMMJT Abbey on the edge of the fens for Nuns Minoresses ; 

 and Hhengay. a bouse of the fright* Hospitallers at Wendy, near 

 n. "f H.eae there ara no remains that call for notice. Of 

 uncut *odmUtte*l edifices the most striking are at Cambridge 

 and Ely, and Tborney and Whittlesey ; but. there are various other., 

 parU of which will well rsp*y the attention of the student of gothic 

 architecture. 



Cambridgwhin is almost entirely an agricultural countv, ranking 



the sixth in that respect in Knglaixl in 1851 there were threw 

 savings banks in Cambridgeshire : at Cambridge, Ely, and Wisbeach. 

 The total amount owing to depositors on the 20th of November, 1851 , 

 wasl80,ft6A 1 



[LASARKUIIBE.] 



CAMhKN 1 1 ., TH.] 



< \ M I)K.\. [WALKS, NEW SOVTIL] 



('AMKI.Ki)Hli. Cornwall, a market-town nnd the seat of a Poor- 

 l.aw Union, in the p.-.i h of Lanteglo* and hundred of Lesoewth, U 

 situated in 50 37' N. lat.. 4 4(>' W. long. ; distant 12 miles N. by K. 

 from Bodmin, and 228 miles W.S.W. from Ixnulon. Th" imputation 

 of the parish of Lanteglos in 1851 was 1740, of which about one- 

 half belonged to the town of Cnmelford. The town is governed by a 

 mayor and corporation. The living of Lanteglos is a rectory in the 

 Archdeaconry of Cornwall and diocese of Exeter. Camelford Poor- 

 Law Union contains 12 parishes and townships, with an area of 

 96,012 acres, and a population in 1851 of 7309. 



Camelford derives lU nan:' river Cornel or Alan which 



rises about (bur miles to the north-north-east, and flows through the 

 town. Camelford was made a free borough by Kicbard, earl of Corn- 

 wall, brother of Henry III., and afterwards king of the Romans. 

 From the time of Edward VI. the borough sent two members to 

 Parliament till it was disfranchised by the Reform Act In Camel- 

 ford are the ruins of an ancient chapel ; the parish church is at 

 Lanteglos, about a mile and a half from the town ; the Wesleyan and 

 Association Methodists and Independents have places of worship in 

 the town. There is an Endowed Free school for 1 'J. b >ys. The streets 

 are broad and well paved. The town-hall was built about the com- 

 mencement of the present century by the Duke of Bedford. A 

 manufactory for serge employs some of the inhabitants. The market 

 is on Friday for corn and provisions. A county court is held in 

 Camelford. The neighbourhood of c 'amrlfonl is supposed by 

 some to have been the scime of the battle in which King Arthur fell, 

 and of another battle fought in 823 between the Britons and the 

 West Saxons, under Egbert. A considerable amount of rain falls at 

 Camelford, from its proximity to high hills. 



CAMEROON, or ( -\ M A KoENS, ft river of Africa, which discharge* 

 itself into the Bight of Binfra nnd into the name tcntuary as the 

 Malimba, about 45 miles E. from Fernando Po. It has a bar across 

 its mouth, with nu average depth of from 15 to 18 feet water over it. 

 Of this river little is known beyond a few miles from the entrance. 

 Like other rivers on this coast, it has been long known to be a great 

 mart for slaves. Palm oil and ivory arc obtained here ; the latter is 

 considered very fine. The system of traffic is by barter. This river 

 is separated from those to the westward by high land called the 

 Camaroou Mountains, the highest peak of which rises to 13,000 feet 

 above the sea, and is generally capped with BIIOW. The name 

 is derived from the Portuguese word for shrimp, of which there is a 

 great abundance. Each side of the river is governed by a separate 

 chief, whose friendship must be purchased by presents before any 

 traffic is commenced. 



CAMPA'GNA DI HO'MA, the popular and historical name 

 of the most southern part of the Papal States, corresponding in 

 a great measure to the ancient Latium, is bounded K.w, by the 

 Tiber, which divides it from the Patrimonio <li San Pietro ; 

 N. by the Anio or Tevrroiu- ; K. by MI offset of the Apennines, 

 which divides it from the valley of the Liris or Garigliano in 

 the kingdom of Naples, and which terminates at the sea near 

 Terrocina ; S. and W. by the Mediterranean. The length of the dis- 

 trict thus designated from Ostia to Terracina is about 62 miles, 

 and its greatest breadth from the Apennines to the sea is 'about 

 45 miles. It is divided into two regions, the lowlands and the 

 highlands, including the valley of the upper Sacco and part of 

 that of the Teveroue. The highlands consist of ramifications of 

 the Apennines ; of the offset which divides the valley of the 

 Teverone from that of the Sacco, the ancient Trerus, and on which 

 are the towns of Anagni, Palestrina, *e. ; of tin- Monti Lrpini 

 ( Volscorum Montcs), which divide the valley of S.i.vo from tin- 

 Pomptine marshes, ; and lastly, of the Alban and Tusculan hills which 

 rise in the middle of the plain, and separate the lowlands of the Tiber 

 from the Pomptiue marshes. Toward* the north the highlands of 

 Alba and Tn.-'iiluin are connected by some high ground towards 

 Zagarolo with the mountains of Palestrina, thus separating the waters 

 which run eastward into the Sacco and the Liris from those that 

 nin westward into the Tiber. The Apennines and the Monti Lepini 

 are mostly rugged and bare ; the volley of the Tcvcnme is healthy, and 

 the population robust, though ]>oor; tlie valley of the Sacco is wide, 

 fertile, nnd well cultivated. The Alban and Tusculan mounts are 

 covered with trees, vineyards, and gardens ; the air is salubrious, and 

 the soil in many places very fertile. Those who talk of the desolation 

 of tin? Campi!gii:i semi to have visited only the lowlands to the right 

 and loft of Jlie high road between Rome and Naples, and that only in 

 the summer months; for " in the winter and early part of the 

 you see fields and pastures decked in all the luxury of a spontaneous 

 vegetation, numerous herds of cattle and flocks of sheep grazing on 

 the rich grass ; but as soon as the hot season comes, a sudden change 

 takes place in the appearance of the country vp'tatioii ceases first 

 a yellow, then a gray tinge cover.' the j-romi.1 -the dusty *"il I 



