Z73 



CAMPAGNA DI ROMA. 



CAMPEACHY. 



274 



if it v,-ere calcined by fire the cattle migrate to the mountains and 

 the inhabitants disperse." ( Tournon, ' Etudes Statisques sur Rome.') 

 The lowlands of the Tiber, which form the Agro Romano, or territory 

 of the city of Rome, which extends on both banks of the Tiber, and 

 which is often confounded with the Campagna, contain about 550,000 

 acre?, of which about one-half is arable laud, the rest pasture and 

 forest, and only about 6000 acres are marsh. This territory is divided 

 into farms of from 1200 to 3000 acres, some however are much larger, 

 as the celebrated farm of Campomorto which probably contains not 

 less than 20,000 acres. All the arable land of this large tract is rented 

 by a small number of wealthy farmers who reside in palaces in Rome 

 and manage the estates by means of fattori, or agents and clerks. It 

 is evident that it is not the marshy grounds that cause the unwhole- 

 someness of this part of the country. The surface of the soil is in fact 

 undulating and dry, and slopes gently towards the coast; the malaria 

 must be attributed to other natural causes. In Sir Wm. Gell's 

 ' Topography of Rome and its Environs," which is accompanied with 

 an excellent map, embracing almost the whole province of the Cam- 

 pagna, with the exception of the Poiuptine marshes, we find the 

 following statement : " There are 242,000 rubbi of arable land, 82,000 

 of which are considered to be in healthy districts, and the rest, being 

 unwholesome, are sown with grain only once in four or five years. 

 Wheat returns about nine to one. The vineyards are 14,600 rubbi ; 

 pastures, 162,000 rubbi ; orchards, 1400 ; woods and forests, 170,000 : 

 in all 590,000 rubbi, or 2,360,000 acres, besides rocks, sands, marshes, 

 rivers, &c., which occupy about 145,000 rubbi more. There are 

 700,000 sheep, 100,000 horned cattle, 4000 buffaloes, and 35,000 

 horses, besides pigs and goats." This statement however comprises 

 also part of the adjoining province of the Patrimonio di San Pietro, 

 on the right bank of the Tiber. The great plain between the south 

 slope of the Lepiui Mountains and the sea, which is known by the 

 name of the Pomptiue marshes, extends from Torre Tre^ Ponti to 

 Terracina, a length of about 22 miles by 10 of breadth ; of this extent 

 only the lower tract, about 65,000 rubbi, is really marshy. Pius VI. 

 drained 9000 rubbi which were constantly under water. Of the 

 whole extent of the marshy ground, one-third is susceptible of culti- 

 vation ; another third is in pasture, and the rest forest or marsh. 

 The extent of the Campdgna is about 2400 square miles, of which 

 about one-half is unwholesome, and only inhabited by a permanent 

 population of about 15,000. The total population of the Campitgna 

 is 276,325, exclusive of the city of Rome, which in 1852 had a popu- 

 lation of 175,838. 



The Camp;!gna is divided into two administrative districts the 

 Comarca di Roma which is under the jurisdiction of the governor of 

 the city of Rome ; and the delegation of Frosinone. Such towns in 

 the Campdgua as are not noticed in separate articles in this work are 

 given under the heads ROMA, COMAUCA DI; and FKOSIXOXI: ; and" the 

 ancient geography of the district is given under LATIUM. 



The name of Campdgna di Roma was adopted in the middle ages, 

 to distinguish the country from the neighbouring Campania, or Cam- 

 pagna Felice, in the kingdom of Naples. The depopulation of the 

 Campdgna of Rome is often, though most erroneously, attributed to 

 Papal miagoverument ; it is an historical fact that it was nearly as 

 desolate in the time of Cicero as it is now. The depopulation of the 

 country dates from the early conquest by Rome of the various people 

 who inhabited Latiuin : the long obstinate resistance of the latter, 

 and especially of the Volsci, in consequence of which most of their 

 towns were destroyed ; the subsequent devastations by Sulla ; and 

 the custom of the Roman patricians to abandon their vast estates to 

 the cultivation of slaves and the care of overseers. The lowlands 

 near Rome are mentioned as unwholesome by Livy, Cicero, Strabo, 

 Horace, &c. A/ter the fall of the Western empire, the devastation of 

 Latiuin became complete, and Rome, reduced to a population of less 

 than 20,000 inhabitants, stood literally in the midst of a desert. 

 After the return of the Popes from Avignon in 1377, the population 

 both of Rome and its territory began gradually to increase again. 

 Since the pontificate of Sextus V., ' the restorer of public peace and 

 security' (1585-90), it has been steadily though slowly increasing. 

 It is probably owing to the Papal government that Rome and the 

 C unpdgna are not reduced to the condition of Babylon or Palmyra. 

 No administration could render the lowlands of the Campagna healthy, 

 or fix a population in them. Those provinces of the Papal States 

 which enjoy a more salubrious atmosphere, such as Umbria, Perugia, 

 the valley of Rieti in Sabina, the Marches, are among the finest, most 

 populous, and best cultivated in all Italy. 



The cultivation of the plains of the Campdgna is peculiar. The 

 farms, as above stated, are very large. The farmer seldom or never 

 resides upon the estate, the farmhouse being occupied by the fattore, 

 or steward, and by herdsmen. In winter the farm is covered with 

 cattle ; the sheep then collected in the Campdgna amount to about 

 600,000, and the large gray oxen fed for the Roman market amount to 

 about half that number. The herdsmen ride over the plain dressed 

 in sheep-skin cloaks and armed with long pikes ; their horses, almost 

 as wild-looking as themselves, are in the summer turned loose among 

 the woods and morasses along the coast, where with herds of buffaloes 

 and swine they feed till caught again for winter and spring service. 

 When the summer comes, and with it the insalubrity of the soil 

 returns, the sheep and oxen are driven to the Apennines. Some hun- 



OF.OQ. on: VOL. it. 



dreds of labourers are engaged every year from the highlands for the 

 service of one farm, between the months of October and June, and 

 double the number at harvest-time, after which they return to their 

 hills, or come to the hospitals of Rome with the malaria fever. At 

 harvest-time the heat in the Campagna is most intense and the mal- 

 aria most fatal. The hardy peasants from the Volsciau hills for the 

 sake of earning a few crowns reap all day under a scorching sun, and 

 sleep at night on the ground shrouded by the heavy pestilent vapour, 

 which begins to rise after sunset, and which in a week after overcomes 

 the healthiest and hardiest. During the summer months only a small 

 number of permanent servants remains on the farms. This system 

 of farming on a large scale is rendered necessary by the malaria, and 

 the consequent depopulation of the plains. In the highlands and 

 valleys of the Apennines property is much more subdivided, the 

 farms are of moderate size, and most of the villagers have gardens 

 and orchards or vineyards. The highest summits in the Campdgna 

 are Monte Cacume, in the Lepini ridge, 3500 feet ; Monte Cavo, in 

 the Alban ridge, 3000 feet ; Maschio d'Ariano (Mous Algidus), an 

 eastern projection of the Alban, 2950 feet ; Monte Tusculo, 2000 feet. 



(Tournon; Gell ; Chateaurieux, Letlres ccrite d'ltalie; Foreiyii 

 Quarterly Review; Murray, Handbook for Central Italy ; Blewitt, 

 Handbook for South Italy.) 



CAMPAN. [PYRENEES, HAUTES.] 



CAMPA'NIA, the ancient name of that part of the present kingdom 

 of Naples which is now called Terra di Lavoro. It was celebrated 

 from the remotest times for its extraordinary fertility, and its soft 

 and genial climate. The Osci, or Opici, and Ausones (probably all 

 one people), are the first inhabitants of Campania recorded in history. 

 Etruscan colonies afterwards spread to this country, and founded 

 twelve cities, including Capua, which became the principal city of 

 Campania. The Etruscans of Campania appear to have degenerated 

 from their ancestors, and to have become licentious, indolent, and 

 idle. The Etruscans were driven out or conquered by the Samnites, 

 who finally yielded to the Romans. The cruel invention of the fights 

 of gladiators, afterwards adopted by the Romans, and carried to a 

 frightful extent, is attributed to the Campanians of Capua. 



After being allies of Rome the Campanians of Capua took the part 

 of Hannibal, and were severely treated by the Romans in consequence. 

 [CAPUA.] Livy (xxiii.-xxv.) speaks at length of the Campanians, 

 their manners, and the part they took in the second Punic war. The 

 island of Caprese (Capri) was reckoned a part of Campania. The Vul- 

 turnus was the principal river of Campania. (Strabo, p. 242, &c.) 

 For a description of the country see TERRA DI LAVORO. 



CAMPBELTOWN, Argyleshire, a royal burgh and sea-port in the 

 parish of Campbeltown, near the southern extremity of the peninsula 

 of Cantire, stands on a loch or indentation of the coast, which forms 

 an excellent harbour, about two miles long and one mile broad, with 

 from 6 to 13 fathoms' depth of water. It Is situated in 55 24' N. lat, 

 5 42' W. long., 65 miles W. by S. from Glasgow. The population of 

 the burgh was 6880 in 1851. The burgh is governed by a provost 

 and 17 councillors, and in conjunction with the burghs of Ayr, Irvine, 

 Inverary, and Obau, retunis one member to the Imperial Parliament. 



Campbeltown was till 1700 a fishing village ; but in that year it 

 was created a royal burgh by William III. It then stood entirely on 

 the property of the Duke of Argyle, and principally on the south- 

 western side of the harbour ; but it has since extended round the 

 head of the loch towards the north-eastern side. There are good 

 quays on both sides of the harbour. The intercourse with the main- 

 land has been much increased by steam navigation. The vessels 

 registered as belonging to the port on December 31st 1852 were 21 

 sailing vessels of 1252 tons, and 2 steam vessels of 259 tons. The 

 vessels entered at the port during 1852 were Coasting trade, inwards, 

 751 of 21,356 tons; outwards, 341 of 8645 tons : steam veBp.-ls, 

 inwards, 342, tonnage 44,619 ; outwards, 339, tonnage 43,954. Foreign 

 trade, one British vessel, inwards, tonnage 156. 



There are many distilleries in Campbeltown and in the neighbour- 

 hood. The principal imports are barley from Ireland, and coals from 

 Glasgow and Ayrshire. The principal exports are highland cattle 

 and sheep, herrings, and whiskey. Fishing is a considerable branch 

 of industry in Campbeltown and its neighbourhood. There is a 

 weekly corn-market. In the parish, and about three miles from the 

 town, coal of inferior quality has been found. There is a canal to 

 facilitate its transport to Campbeltown. Besides the two parish 

 churches, which are collegiate charges, and in one of which the service 

 is in Gaelic, Campbeltown contains chapels for the Free Church and 

 other Presbyterian Dissenters, an Episcopal chapel, and a chapel for 

 Roman Catholics. The town-house is a spacious building with a spire. 

 A weekly market is held on Thursday for the sale of grain and other 

 agricultural produce. In the centre of the chief street of the burgh 

 is an ancient granite cross, elaborately sculptured. It is said to have 

 been brought from lona. The parish contains the ruins of two 

 chapels, around which are small burying grounds. On the coast are 

 the remains of what have been considered Danish forts. 



CAMPBELTOWN. [VAN DIEMEN'S LAND.] 



CAMPDEN, CHIPPING. [GLOUCESTERSHIRE.] 



CAMPEACHY, a town in Yucatan which forms part of the Mexican 

 Republic, is situated in 20 0' N. lat., 90 30' W. long., on the west 

 coast of the peninsula of Yucatan, on that portion of the Gulf of 



T 



