293 



CANADA. 



CANARA. 



294, 



193,982 oxen; 296,924 milch cows; 254,988 calves and heifers; 

 203,300 horses of all ages ; 968,022 sheep ; 569,257 pigs. The dairy 

 produce consisted of 15,976,315 Ibs. of butter, and 2,226,776 Ibs. of 

 cheese. Of provisions there were provided 817,746 barrels of beef, 

 and 528,129 barrels of pork. The fish cured amounted to 47,589 

 barrels. Canada receives from the United Kingdom coals, metal, 

 cordage, East India produce, and the various kinds of British manu- 

 factures ; from the British West Indies, sugar, molasses, coffee, rum, 

 and hard woods ; from the United States, beef and pork, biscuit, rice, 

 and tobacco. The exports of Canada are : To the United Kingdom, 

 pot- and pearl-ashes, wheat and flour, and timber ; to the West Indies, 

 beef and pork, beer, grain, and flour ; to the United States, forest 

 produce, wheat, flour, butter, wool, live stock, &c. The imports and 

 exports for four years (1848-51) were as follows : 



Imports. Esports. 



1848 

 1849 

 1850 

 1851 



2,629,584 17 

 2,468,130 



3,489,466 

 4,404,409 



,1. 



11 

 9 

 5 

 2 



. il. 



2,302,830 17 

 3,193,078 

 2,457,886 1 

 2,663,983 14 



The exports in 1851 consisted principally ofthe following divisions: 

 Products of the forest, value stated, 1,245,9272. 18. 5d. ; animals and 

 their products, 182,366*. 16s. 5d. ; vegetable food, 773,9162. 2. 2<2. ; 

 other agricultural products, 78142. 1. Id. ; products of the seas, 

 51,2252. 5. 6rf. ; products of the mines, 17,8262. 7s. 5d. ; manufactures, 

 11,327*. 10. 3d. 



The progress of wealth in Canada West may be seen by comparing 

 the amount of assessible property, returned at various periods, as 

 follows : In 1825 the amount of assessible property in Upper 

 Canada was returned at 1,854,9652. ; in 1830 it was 2,407,6182.; in 1840 

 it was 4,608,8432. ; in 1845 it was 6,393,6302. ; in 1852 the total value 

 of anessible property in Upper Canada, as valued under an Act 

 passed in 1850, which included some kinds of personal property 

 previously exempt, amounted to 37,695,9312. ; and even this appears 

 to be considered short of the real amount by at least 20 per cent. 



Since 1849 tbe policy of the government has been to alienate 

 roads, bridges, harbours, and some other public works, and to dispose 

 of them to private companies, with certain stipulations as to the 

 continued efficiency of the respective works. Besides these however 

 there are several works of provincial importance which are in the 

 hands of government, such as the St. Lawrence and Wellaud canals, 

 the Erie Canal, &c. The total cost of these works to 1st January, 1 852, 

 was 2,834,2342. The net revenue in 1851 was 48,278*., or less than 2 

 per cent, on the outlay. The revenue is increasing. With respect to rail- 

 ways, the Provincial Act, 12 Viet., cap. 29, passed in 1849, provided 

 that in no case should government advance more than half the amount 

 expended on the works, and that the whole resources and property of 

 the companies should be pledged for the redemption of the advances 

 with interest. On this principle public aid has been extended to the 

 following railways, undertaken since the passing of the Act of 1849 : 

 St. Lawrence and Atlantic railway, from the St. Lawrence opposite 

 Montreal, to the frontier line, length 126 miles ; the Ontario, Simcoe, 

 and Huron railway, from Toronto to Lake Huron, 90 miles ; Great 

 Western, from Hamilton to Windsor, 228 miles; Quebec and Rich- 

 mond, 100 miles ; Main Trunk, Toronto to Montreal, 380 miles; and 

 the Quebec and Trois Pistoles line, on the routflo the lower provinces, 

 160 miles. Acts have been recently passed by the local legislature to 

 encourage steam communication between Liverpool and Quebec, and 

 to connect Quebec and Montreal by railway with sea-ports open during 

 the winter. A contract has been completed (subject to approval by 

 Parliament) with an eminent firm in Liverpool, by which a line of 

 powerful screw steamers, of not less than 1500 tons burden, are' to 

 run between Liverpool and Quebec and Montreal every fortnight 

 during the season of navigation, and to Portland, in the state of 

 Maine, during the whiter months. The contract is to extend for 

 7 years, at a cost to the province of 19,0002. sterling per annum; or 

 11,0002. should it be determined to run the steamers monthly during 

 the summer instead of fortnightly. 



In April 1851 the management of the post-office was transferred to 

 the control of the provincial authorities. A uniform rate of 3d. 

 currency (about 24c2.) per half ounce was adopted at the same time, 

 and the result has been satisfactory. The number of miles travelled 

 by the mail during the year ^nding April 5th, 1852, was 2,931,375 ; 

 an increase of 444,360 miles over the previous year; 243 new post- 

 offices were opened ; the gross revenue during the first year of the 

 reduced system was 59,0042., being only about 18,0002. less than the 

 revenue of the last year of the former system. 



Special grant* of public money are annually made for the support 

 of the common schools. The sum of 41,0952. 17s. lOrf. is divided 

 between Upper and Lower Canada for this purpose, in proportion to 

 their respective population. Each school municipality, before receiv- 

 ing any share of this public grant, must raise at least an equal sum by 

 local taxation. In Upper Canada the local contributions, greatly 

 exceed the required proportion. In 1851 Upper Canada possessed 

 3001 common schools, attended by 168,159 scholars; the total sum 

 available for teachers' salaries, and for the erection and repair of 

 school-houses, being 8,22#. 15. 7rf., of which 20,5472. 18. llrf. was 

 received out of the parliamentary grant. In Lower Canada, the 



principle of local assessment was not so favourably received at first, 

 but the school system is now making more satisfactory progress. In 

 both sections of the province there are also several endowments and 

 special grants for collegiate institutions, normal schools, and other 

 objects of a similar character. In Lower Canada the revenues of the 

 estates of the Jesuits are devoted to education. They amounted in 

 1841 to 45662. ; and a sum of 29,5922. on the same account was, in 

 1844, in the provincial chest without interest. In Upper Canada 

 the University of Toronto was founded by royal charter in 1827, and 

 endowed with property now realising about 11,0002. per annum. It 

 was formerly connected with the Church of England ; but by an act 

 of the Colonial Legislature which came into force on the 1st of 

 January 1850, it was made a purely secular institution, and its govern- 

 ment was placed exclusively in the hands of laymen. 



The Roman Catholic creed is professed by seven-eighths of the 

 inhabitants of Lower Canada. Their clergy have for their support 

 l-26th of all the grain raised on the lands of Catholics, and an annual 

 stipend of 10002. is paid by the government to the Roman Catholic 

 bishop of Quebec and his coadjutor. The numbers of the population 

 attached to the leading religious denominations in Canada in 1851 

 were aa follows : Church of Rome, 914,561 ; Church of England, 

 268,592 ; Presbyterians, 287,683 ; Methodists, 228,839 ; Baptists, 

 49,846; Lutherans, 12,107 ; and Congregationalists, 11,674. 



Of one-seventh of all the lands in Upper Canada, and of those in 

 the townships of Lower Canada, set apart under the name of clergy 

 reserves, and sold, the proceeds were applied to the maintenance of a 

 ' Protestant Clergy.' By the Act 16 Viet., cap. 21, passed May 9, 

 1853, the provincial government and legislature have the power of 

 drilling with the question of the clergy reserves without referring to 

 the home government, the present recipients retaining their interest 

 during their lifetime. The Church of England in Canada is 

 presided over by the bishops of Quebec, Montreal, and Toronto, 

 who have each an annual allowance of 10002. The Church of 

 England, which has 242 clergy, obtained 10,3942. 5. lid. of the 

 public money in 1851 for Upper Canada, and 17862. 15s. for Lower 

 Canada ; the Church of Rome, which has 7 dioceses and 543 clergy, 

 had in 1851 for the upper province 13692. 17s. 3d. ; the Church of 

 Scotland had 58472. 16*. "id. for the upper, and 8932. 7s. 5d. for the 

 lower province ; the Wesleyan Methodist body had 6392. 5s. ; and 

 the United Synod of the Presbyterian Church 4642. 18s. 4d. The 

 number of places of worship in Canada included in the Census returns 

 of 1851 is 1559, including 471 Methodist, 257 Presbyterian (of which 

 about 80 are in connection with the Established Church of Scotland, 

 100 with the Free Church, and 60 with the United Presbyterian 

 Church), 226 Church of England, 135 Roman Catholic, 116 Baptist, 

 84 Congregational and Independent, 46 Bible Christian, 22 Lutheran, 

 and 18 Quaker places of worship, besides others not classified. 



In both sections of the Canadian territory small bodies of Indians 

 remain, and of them some have been brought considerably under the 

 influence of civilisation. They have made greatest progress in the 

 upper province, where more care has been taken to respect their 

 rights, and to provide for them some stated means of support. In 

 Upper Canada the Indians inhabiting the settled districts are reckoned 

 at about 7500 ; those in the unsettled districts may be about 3000. 

 In Lower Canada these classes number respectively about 3500 and 

 2000. Efforts have been made to introduce industrial schools among 

 the Indians in the settled districts, and hopes are entertained that the 

 attempt will be to some extent successful. An interesting community 

 of coloured people, fugitives from slavery in the United States, has 

 been formed at Dawn, in the Western district of Canada, on the Bear 

 Creek, a feeder of the river St. Clair. 



Before the union the province of Lower Canada had only a small 

 debt of about 30,0002. In Upper Canada in 1839 Sir O. Arthur staged 

 the debt to be 1,162,1872. ; the interest 65,0002. ; the permanent 

 expenses of the government 55,0002. ; and the revenue 78,0002. 

 leaving a deficiency of 42,0002. The public debt of the province at 

 the close of 1851 was 3,659,1462. 15s. Id., besides the liabilities con- 

 nected with the various lines of railway recently undertaken. The 

 expenditure for 1851 amounted to 521,6432. 11s. 2d., inclusive of 

 1 83,7492. 7s. interest on the public debt ; the revenue was 692,2062. 4s. 9rf. 

 showing an excess of revenue over expenditure of 170,5622. 13s. 7d. 



CANADIAN SEAS, a term that has sometimes not inaptly been 

 used to designate the large fresh-water lakes Superior, Huron, &c., 

 which lie within the basin of the St. Lawrence. The description of 

 the Canadian Seas and the St. Lawrence basin is given under CANADA. 



CANALE. [ALBA.] 



CANA'RA, a province on the west coast of Hindustan, between 

 12 and 15 N. lat., and between 74 and 76 E. long. It is bounded 

 N. by Bejapore and the Portuguese territory ; E. by Mysore and the 

 Balaghaut ceded districts ; S. by Malabar ; and W. by the Indian 

 Ocean. The length of the province along the coast from north to 

 south is 180 miles, and its mean breadth is about 40 miles; the total 

 area has been computed at 7380 square miles; of this area 4622 

 square miles are contained below and 2758 square miles above the 

 Ghauts. 



The province is divided into two districts, North and South 

 Canara ; the line of division is about 13 40' N. lat. The surface of 

 Canara is rocky aud uneven. On the high grounds red gravel prevails 



