CANDIA. 



Thw country was rendered a *o*a* of de*ol*Uon Won it Ml into 

 UK. hands of U> Bntiah. Tb ravage* cotumitua by JMWunt IU, . 

 Hulkar m 1S..2 canted . faun* in th* following yrar. which carried 

 o*T * Um proportiosjof UM JnhaHUnte. AJUrtiu* UM Bk**l tribes, 

 wfcow CUM/* coBunaad no*t of the paw*. in the mounUin rang. to 

 UM north, and UM Pindarri**, Mr* accustomed to nuke perindioal 

 ixmnioM into UM plains for plunder. In mSCandeiah, then among 

 Uw pMMMioo. of Holkar, wa. ceded to the British ; but the Arab*. 

 who had previously obtained a footing in the country, oppoMd the 

 llritUh authority. In 181 UM British obtained po**e**ion of the 

 provioo*. At that tint* newly one-lalf of UK Tillage* had been 

 abandoned to UM tigers, which swarmed thrt.ugh.mt UM land. The 

 wa* rrpairvd under the adtninutration of General Bright, 



wh succeeded in retiring UM prorinoe to prosperity. 

 own* in UM 



The principal town* in UM province an Boorhanpore, Aaeerghur, 

 Hindi*, Nundoorbar, and Gaulna. [BootHAxrOHE ; AUHMHtnO 

 //..J i* situated on UM south bank of the Nerbudda, when it* 

 channel i* SOOO feet wide, in 22" 26' N. Ut. 77' 6' E. long. Thi. 

 place i* chiefly important from it* position, a* commanding tome of 

 UM belt ford* acroa* th* Nerbudda. A'imdoorear contain* about 200 



bouses, and wa* formerly a place of much greater extent The wall 

 by which it wai surrounded u now for the meet part in ruin*. Thu 

 town u in 21* 25' X. Ut . 74" IS' E. long. Oaulna was once a large 

 town, but ha* fallen greatly to decay. The fort stand* on a high 

 rooky mountain, and i* surrounded by a wall of itone and brick 

 M fart high and a mile in circumference. The town, which i* at the 

 foot of the mountain, on ita north side, ia surrounded by a mud wall 

 and tower*. 



(Mill, //iWory of Brilitk India; Inttituitt of Atkar ; Reporlt of 

 Committee* of Umue of Comnotu on Okt Afair, of India.) 



CA'NDIA, the ancient KrtK or Crcta, and the modern Greek AVi/i, 

 one of 'the Urgent island* in the Mediterranean Sea, in situated to the 

 touth of the Archipelago, between the Morea, Africa, and Asm Minor. 

 It extends from 34 54' to 85 43' N. Ut, and from 23 28' to 26* 19' 

 E. long. It* length from ea*t to we*t u about 160 mile* from Cape 

 Sahnone to Cape Crio ; it* breadth i* rery unequal. In come places 

 toward* th-- middle of it* length it i* about 35 miles broad, in other* 

 about 20 mile* ; between Retimo and Sphakia 10 miles, and in one 

 place in the east part of the ialand, between the Gulf of Mirabel and 

 the coast of Uierapetra, only 6 mile*. It has three principal cape* 

 Bamonium, now Salmone, at the east extremity towards Rhodes; 

 Cory cum, now Cape Huso, looking toward* the Morea; and Crio, 

 looking towards the Cyrenaica. Its coast, especially towards the 

 north, i* indented by deep gulfs, of which those of Kisamos, Khania, 

 Soda, Annyro, and Mirabel, or Spinalonga, are the deepest, and the 

 three principal town* of the ialand, Canea or Khania, Retimo, and 

 Candia, are on that side. The south coast is rugged and iron-bound. 

 A continuous mas* of high land runs through the whole length of the 

 island, about the middle of which Mount Ida, now called Pulorati, 

 rises far above the rest to the height of 7674 feet The mountains in 

 UM west part of the island are called by Strabo Leuka Ore", or Whit.- 

 Mountains ; he lay* they are about as high as Taygetus (probably 

 about 6000 feet). In the south-west part of the island the mountains 

 ran clow to UM coast. This is the district of the Sphakiotes, a race 



and pirates, who have never 

 a. The ridge eastward from 

 ancient Diete, now called Mount Siti. The main 

 .fthoota to the north and south. Those on the 

 north aide slope down gradually towanls the sea, inclosing plains and 

 ralley* of great fertility, and forming by their projections the 

 numerous bays and gulfs with which the northern coast U indented. 

 The southern ofchooU descend abruptly, present a rteep, rocky, and 

 and surface, and terminate in a precipitous ooart provided with no 

 good harbour. Mount Ida itoelf sinks down rapidly on it* south- 

 **" J 1 " 1 * J"* "tensive plain watered by the Hi. -n, pntamo, the 

 ""I I *, which ruing in the mountainous district of Arka- 

 <U0U low* westward into the sea a few miles south of Mount 1,1.,. 

 The southern boundary of thi. plain is a secondary range, which 

 prtatmg from UM main chain near the source of the Hiero-potamo 

 nassoutli.weetttdUrminats.mC.p.M.tal*. The rivers of Candia 

 aw only a kind of torrent. very shallow in th. dry season. 



f " "land con- 



run ciose io toe ooasi. rni* 1* UM dutn 

 of mountaineers, occasionally robber* a 

 been totally conquered by the Turks. 

 Mount Ida is the ancient Diote, now cal 



cotton, silk, caroVw, oranges, 



**>. *n " very 

 on the mountains- 



dotaing 



for the conveyance of produce to 

 f-^'y r " "> h"i "here the Und U 

 *y of njoymg uninterrupted health. 



. *" "*- "^ " * ^ * *". < theS; 

 of coans cottons, linen*, or woollens, manufcctured 



CANDIA. MM 



by each bo use bold. The chief manufacture i* soap, which b highly 

 utmmirt all through the Levant The principal exports are oil and 

 soap ; the imports an tome British and Austrian manufactured good* 

 and metal*, colonial produce, and corn. Ploughing the land between 

 UM olive-tree* i* all the culture they receive. The fruit is generally 

 allowed to drop from the tree*, and it i* gathered by women and 

 children into heaps ; the** an then taken to the mill and the fruit i* 

 bruised, after which process it i* put into a wooden preu worked by 

 two or four men. In the district of Apokorona the fruit ia beaten 

 from the tree*, which an thenby injured. Although many of th* 

 olive-tree* wen out down during the numerous insurrection* of th* 

 peasantry, the population U still insufficient to attend to them all, 

 and in good yean a fourth of the fruit U lost for want of hand* to 

 gather it Every article produced on the ialand pay* one-*eventh to 

 the government, and besides this extraordinary taxes are often arbi- 

 trarily imposed. In lieu of a tax on silk the mulberry-tree* an rated. 

 Then an several small islands round the coast, of which the principal 

 an Standia, on the north, and Goxa, on UM south. The climate i* 

 warm, and in the low valleys unhealthy in the autumn. The sirocco, 

 the common ncourge of UM Mediterranean, ii often severely felt 



Candia i* divided into eight Greek bishoprics, including the see of 

 the metro)>olitan archbiahop of Gortyna ; into three sanjak* Candia, 

 which i* governed by a pasha of three tails, Canea, and Retimo, each 

 governed by a pasha of two tail* ; and into twenty mukattas, or dis- 

 trict*, each governed by an ' aga,' who receive* the taxes and the tithe* 

 of the mosque*. In ancient times the island seems to have been very 

 thickly peopled. Under the Venetian* the population is said to have 

 been about 1,000,000; in 1821 it amounted to 260,000, and in 1840 

 but little over 169,000, four-fifths of whom were Greek*. 



The principal town* and ports an on the northern coast of UM 

 island. Canea, or A'Aam'a, on the Gulf of Khania, is the caj> 

 the western sanjak ; it baa a population of 8000, and a good harbour 

 formed by a mole 1237 feet long, with a lighthouse at its extnmity; 

 ve*l* of 300 ton* can enter the harbour, which is defended by a 

 fort. The fortifications wen constructed by the Venetians. The 

 town is surrounded by old walls and deep ditches, and contain* 

 several moeques and Greek churches. It is the seat of a Greek 

 bishop, and has an arsenal, docks, lazaretto, and some soap facto- 

 ries. Several European consuU reside at Khania. 



Suda, distant from Canea about 3 miles by land, on the Bay of 

 Suda, bias a harbour perfectly safe in all weathers. 



Jietimo, the capital of the central sanjak and the seat of a Greek 

 bishop, has 4000 inhabitant*, and a small harbour formed by a mole. 



Candia, or A'Aandta, about 40 mile* E. from Retimo, is the cap 

 the island. The name is the Venetian form of Khandax (Great 

 Fortress), the designation given to the city by it* Saracen founders. 

 Prom the city the name has been commonly applied in Europe to the 

 island itself, which however is never called Candia by thu natives. 

 Candia is much decayed since the time of the Venetians. The fortifi- 

 cations an still in tolerable repair, but the houses of the town an 

 fulling to ruin, and the harbour, which is formed by two moles, i* 

 blocked up with sand to such a degree that only vessels drawing lei* 

 than 8 feet of water can enter. Ship* loading from Candia anchor in 

 one of the three ports of Staudia, an island about 7 miles north-north- 

 east of the town. Candia has 12,000 inhabitants; it is the residence 

 of the Greek archbishop of Gortyna, and of the chief pasha of the 

 island. The streets an wide and rudely paved, and many of the 

 house* are fronted by gardens adorned with fountains. The pasha's 

 palace, the bazaar, mosques, public baths, large cathedral built )>y the 

 Venetians, and the fortifications, an the principal structure*. Soap 

 ia the chief industrial product of the town. Then an a few Jews in 

 Candia, but in Canea, which is the principal port of the island, they 

 amount to about 200, and have u synagogue. Not for from it .ire the 

 ruins of the ancient Cnonstts, famous in fable for its labyrinth. 



'lunya, on the Gulf of Mirabel, has a good harbour, but the 

 entrance is subject to sudden squalls. A few miles south of this i* 

 the harbour of Ayio-Nicola, the best harbour in the ialand next to 

 Suda, but it U not frequented. The most noted town on the south 

 coast i* Sphakia, the chief town of the Sphakiotes. At Hagio-deka, a 

 village near the EUero-potamo, an the ruins of Gortyna, ami a . 

 of great extent in a part of Mount Ida. This cavern has been some- 

 times taken for the labyrinth of Cnossus, of which no trace remains. 



The ancient history of Crete begins with the heroic or fabulous 

 times. The early inhabitants are supposed to have been den 

 from Phoenician, Pelasgian, and Dorian colonist*. The Dorian immi- 

 gration must have taken place long before the time "i Homer, who 

 speaks of the different races in the island ('Oily*.' xix. 174, Ac.). 

 Historians and poets tell us of a king called Minos who lived before 

 the Trojan war and resided at Cnossus, the site of which is not far 

 from the present town of Candia, and ruled over the greater part of 

 the island. He was the legislator of the country and his laws became 

 celebrated among the Greek*, who borrowed from them (Strabo, x. 328). 

 He employed, say the legend*, Dtsdalus, an Athenian artist, on his 

 return from Egypt to build a labyrinth in imitation of thatof Mccris in 

 Egypt, and he afterwards confined in it Diedalus himself. Minos accord- 

 ing to tradition was also the first who had a navy ; he cleared the Grecian 

 seas of pirates, expelled the Cariaus from the CycUtdes, and settled 

 hi* sons in them (Thucyd. i. 4). Then comes the well-known story 



