. an 



PON*. 



,... 



to to summit, and 



UM rampart within the wall, .xtendimr in length upw.nl. of < 

 yard.; additional wlk were aUo mado in UM Brl.l in which it 





ttaated, called the On* John or Donjon field, and doable row of 

 the side, ef the principal walk. The public 

 a i* commemorated by a pillar placed 

 Some spring, of mineral water* dbco- 

 now naed * nureery ground, hare been 

 One i* purely chaly. 



beata' and the other contain, a portion of sulphur in combination 

 with UM iron. Darin*; UM severe* seaaon* these waters never frim. 

 In UM vicinity of Oanterbarv are many fenUemen'i Mate. 



The market* are held daily for provisions of all kinds ; but the 

 principal market, which i. for cattle, corn, hops, and seeds, i* on 

 aetorday. and i* toil free for earn. A market for fat stock i* held 

 very alternate Tndy with A.hford. The annual fair, which com- 

 mence* on the llth of October, and last* from eight to ten days, i* 

 very numerously alien fed ; it i* chiefly for pedlery and toys. 



The Archbishop of Canterbury is primate of all England and 

 metropolitan. Hi* ecclesiastical province includes the following 

 diocese.: 8t Aaaph'*, Bangor, Bath and Wells, Canterbury, Chichenter, 

 81 David's, K|y, Exeter, Gloucester and Bristol, Hereford, Lichfield, 

 Lincoln, UandalT, London, Norwich, Oxford, Peterborough, Rochester, 

 Salisbury, Winchester, and Worcester. The diocese of Canterbury 

 compriae* 852 benefice*, including the county of Kent, except the 

 city and deanery of Rochester, and some parishes in the London 

 iBoaeae. The chapter consists of a dean, 12 canons, 2 archdeacons, 

 6 preacher*, and 5 minor canons. By a late statute the canonries are 

 reduced to six ; accordingly six are now suspended. The income of 

 the Archbishop of Canterbury is IS.OOOA a year. 



(Sotnner ; Batteley ; Lambarde ; Hasted ; Goatling ; Camden ; 

 OuHttitm't Omdet; Oomntunifation from Canterbury.) 



CANTERBURY. [ZKALAXD, NKW.] 



CAXTIKK. [ABGTUSHIRK.] 



CANTON, a city of China, the capital of the province called 

 Koang-tong, a corruption of which has been applied by Europeans to 

 the town it-elf; the real name is KuAiig-chow-foo. It lies in 23 7' 10* 

 N. lat. and 118* 14' SO* E. long., distant about 1200 miles S. by W. 

 from Pekin, and 60 miles N.N.W. from the Chinese Sea. The city is 

 built on the north bank of the Choo-keang, or Pearl River, and on the 

 eastern bank of its affluent, the Pi-keang, a river which flows from 

 the mountains north and west of the city. Prom the entrance of the 

 river Bocca Tigris (so called after the Portuguese) to Canton the 

 distance i* 82 mile* ; a ship sails a few points west of 'north until she 

 arrives near the ' first bar/ and thence her course is nearly due west 

 to the anchorage at Whampoa, which is 10 miles below the foreign 

 factories, the intercourse with which is entirely conducted in boats. 

 On reaching the city the country to the north and east appears hilly 

 and mountainous. The rivers and creeks, which are very numerous, 

 abound with fish, and are covered with a great variety of boats, which 

 are continually pawing between the neighbouring towns and 

 village*. The tide flows about 40 miles above Canton. The country 

 lying southward of the city consists of on alluvial flat, being the delta 

 formed by the depositions from the waters of the main river, with 

 here and there a solitary hill of granite or red-sandstone rising up 

 like an island. Hioe-fields and gardens, in a high state of cultivation, 

 occupy the lowlands, and treex, principally fire, cover the elevated 

 point*. That part of the city situated within the wall is built in the 

 form of an irregular square, and divided by another wall, which runs 

 from cast to west into two parts. The north and largest portion is 

 called the old or inner city ; it is inhabited chiefly by Mantchoo or 

 Tartar families ; the south port is called the new or outer city : it is 

 the abode of Chinese. Across the old city, about the centre of it, a 

 wide street runs east and west, called by the Chinese the Straight 

 Street of Benevolence and Love. Outside the city walls, close to the 

 foreign factories, is the Street of Perpetual Joy. To the south the 

 wall runs parallel to the river at the distance of about 100 yards ; on 

 the north, where the city U built partly up the acclivity of the hillH 

 in the rear, the wall takes an irregular course, and in some places is 

 about 800 feet above the surface of the river. The whole circuit 

 nt the walls may be about 7 miles. The walls ore of brick, on a 

 foundation of red-nandstonc : they are about 20 feet thick, and vary 

 in height from 25 to 40 feet. The gate* of the city are 16 in all, but 

 4 of them lead through the wall which separates the old from the 

 new dty ; so that there are only 12 outer gates, each distinguished by 

 a name dnecriptive of it* position. Most of the streets are short, and 

 irregularly laid out, varying in width from 6 to 16 feet; but in 

 genera] they are about 8 feet wide, just allowing the passage of 

 two '* d * acn * Jr *. for no wheel carriage* are used at Canton. They 



everywhere Bagged, more or leas regularly, with large flat stones. 

 The crowd that throngs them is exceedingly great Bricks are 

 generally tued for the walls of houses, though a few of the poorer 

 sort are construct**! of mud. Stone and wood are sparingly used in 

 building ; (ton* is employed about gateways, and wood for columns, 

 beam*, and rafters. The roofing consist* Invariably of thin tiles, 



which are laid on the rafters In row* alternately concave and convex, 

 tbejatter overlapping thejoinod edge* of the former and cemented 

 ~ them with mortar. Windows are email and rarely supplied with 



gUaa. Paper, mica, and other transparent subulanee* are used in it* 

 place. Th material, for building are procurable at moderate prices 

 and in abundance. The wood, a variety of fir, is flouted down the 

 river in huge rafta, and bricks are made in the neighbourhood of 

 Canton. There are 120 temple* in and near Canton. The principal 

 Buddhist temple stand, on the inland of Honan. which i - it .1 ..t. -.1 in 

 the river, opposite Canton. This temple coven, with it - buildings, 

 oourte, and gardens, an area of about 7 acre*, and is surrounded by a 

 lofty wall. In the old city i* a Mohammedan moaque, with domo and 

 minaret 10 feet high. At the north side of the city U a pagoda five 

 stories in height 



The habitations in which about one-half of the popoMfon < 

 Canton have their abodes, stand clow on the street, and havo usually 

 only a single entrance, which is eloeed by a bamboo screen susj. 

 from the top of the door ; within these houses there are no super- 

 fluous apartment* ; a single room allotted to each branch of the 

 family serves a* a dormitory, while a third, which completes the 

 number into which the whole inclosure is divided, is Died by all the 

 household as a common eating-room. Chinese houses of consequence 

 open toward* the south, but in the poorer sort thin point of course i* 

 often disregarded. The dwellings inhabited by the more wealthy 

 part of the community are surrounded by a wall 12 or 14 feet high, 

 that fronts the street, and completely screens the buildings v. 

 The poorest persona live in the extreme parts of the suburbs, along 

 the banks of the river and Hs creeks, and in the northern part of the 

 old city ; their houses are mere mud hovels, low, narrow, dark, and 

 without any division of apartments. Several canals traverse the city 

 and suburbs, and are used for 'conveying goods and passengers. Two 

 of the largest of theee canals run parallel to, and outside of the east 

 and west walls, and communicate with each other by a third, which 

 pnnnrn through the outer city. The foreign factories are railed in, and 

 form a promenade, called Respondentia Walk. 



The shops are commonly quite open towards the street, that is, 

 those appropriated to Chinese customers : for the few streets devoted 

 to European trade are rather on a different plan, the shops being of a 

 closer structure and less exposed to external observation. The several 

 streets are commonly devoted to distinct trades. There is ' Carpenter' 

 Street, or rather Square, as it is carried round a parallelogram; 

 ' Curiosity ' Street (as the English call it) is devoted to the sale of 

 antiques, real and fictitious ; and ' Apothecary ' Street is full "f 

 druggists' shops, the drawers in which ore neatly arranged and lettered, 

 but filled principally with simples. By the side of each shop is sus- 

 pended from on high a huge ornamental tablet of wood, varnished 

 and gilded, ou which are inscribed the particular calling of the tenant 

 and the goods in which he deals. Some of the shops, which are 

 pretty richly supplied, appear to be much exposed towards the street ; 

 but the inhabitants of each division generally combine into a * 

 of watch and ward for common protection, and during the night the 

 street* are closed at each end by doors, which are guarded by the 

 regular police. The greatest risk to which the houses and shops of 

 Canton are exposed is that of fires, which are frequent, the notion of 

 fatalism which prevails among the natives rendering them singularly 

 careless. The Chinese have very generally adopted the use of our 

 fire-engines, which they themselves manufacture sufficiently u 

 answer the purpose. The amount of the native population of < ' 

 has been often estimated, but so little authentic information has ever 

 been obtained on the subject, that it still remains undecided. The 

 usual estimate of a million appears to be much too high. No incon- 

 siderable part of the population live upon the river, in the junks, 

 barges, and small boats, causing the space opposite Canton and its 

 suburbs to assume the appearance of a floating city. By far the 

 largest part of the small boats are called ' egg-house ' boats, from 

 their shape resembling the longitudinal section of an egg. They are 

 generally not more than 10 or 12 feet long, about 6 feet brood, and so 

 low that a person can scarcely stand up in them. Their covering consist* 

 of a bamboo or mat tilt, shaped like that of a waggon, which is very 

 light, and serves tolerably as a defence against the weatl. 

 families live in these boats, and are considered as a distinct part of 

 the population, Wing under n separate regulation and not allowed to 

 intermarry with those on shore. These boats are registered, and the 

 whole number boa been reported at 84,000. Some of these floating 

 houses present a handsome appearance. Vagabonds and beggar* are 

 very numerous in Canton. 



A foundling hospital, instituted in 1693, affords accommodation for 

 upwards of 200 children. There in also a general hospital, com- 

 menced in 1383 by an American missionary society. Canton pos- 

 sesses 14 high schools and 80 colleges, three of the colleges have about 

 200 students each. In the new city is the residence of the provin- 

 cial governor or viceroy, and that of tho Hoppo, or commissioners 

 of the customs on foreign trade. The barracks are also in the new 

 city. 



The portion of Canton in which the European factories are situated, 

 being a mere suburb, doe* not contain many of the larger or public 

 buildings; but the arrangement and architecture of the street* and 

 hop* an precisely the same as within tli, walla of the city. The 

 whole frontage of the building* in which foreigners of all nations are 

 hut up together for the prosecution of their trading business at 

 Canton, doe* not exceed between 700 and 800 feet. Each front, of 



