321 



CAPO D'JSTRIA. 



CAPPADOCIA. 



bears external traces of Moorish achitecture; it contains 13 pillars of 

 verde antique, supposed to have belonged to an ancient temple, and 

 the pulpit is adorned with Greek mosaics. The castle occupies the 

 site of the ancient Roman citadel, under the walls of which the 

 Romans wiped out the disgrace of their ignominious defeat at Furcula; 

 Caudinae. A large square tower in the centre of the castle is supposed 

 to be of Roman erection ; the rest of the building is attributed to 

 Frederick II. Though now in ruins this castle is one of the most 

 imposing buildings of the kind in Italy. Its walls inclose space 

 enough to contain a small city ; two round towers are still standing, 

 one of which is now a telegraph station. The emperor erected apart- 

 ments for himself in the area, which were connected with the town by 

 a subterranean passage. Frederick's son, Manfred, took refuge with 

 the Saracen garrison of Lucera in 1254, and his widow and children 

 after the fatal battle of Benevento resided in the castle for a short 

 time. Charles of Anjou expelled the Saracens in 1269. Near Lucera 

 are the ruins of Castel Fiorentino, in which the emperor Frederick II. 

 died Dec. 13, 1250. Lucera is the seat of judicial courts for the 

 province of Capitanata and has a small college. The territory of 

 Lucera is now as in ancient times famous for the fine quality of the 

 wool which is furnished by its flocks. 



San Setero, one of the most flourishing towns in the province, is 

 situated near the northern edge of the Tavoliere, 20 miles N. by \V. 

 from Foggia, and has a population of 19,000. In 1799 it was almost 

 destroyed by the French in revenge for the gallant resistance made by 

 its inhabitants, 3000 of whom were slain ; the rest were saved by the 

 intrepid conduct of the women, who rushed between the combatants. 

 The town was afterwards walled, but a new quarter and large suburbs 

 have recently sprung up beyond the walls, which contain many hand- 

 some residences of the rich proprietors of the province. 



Serra (Japriola, in the north of the province between the Fortore 

 and the Saccione, is a small town of 5600 inhabitants. At the village 

 of Chienti, a little north of it, are ancient ruins supposed to be those 

 of the Apulian Teate. 



Ti-iija, a small episcopal city of 5300 inhabitants, built on a conical 

 hill, 15 miles S.W. from Foggia, was founded by one of the Oreek 

 Katapans in the llth century. This city has given name to three 

 remarkable battles: one fought in 1254, in which Manfred defeated 

 the army of Pope Innocent IV. ; a second in 1441 in the plain between 

 Troja and Bovino, in which Alfonso I. of Arogon in person defeated 

 the army of ReniS of Anjou; and the third in 1462, when the Anje- 

 vines were again totally defeated by the Spaniards commanded by 

 Ferdinand I. of Aragon. 



}'!'{, a small sea-port town of about 5000 inhabitants, is situated 

 on the Adriatic shore at the north-eastern base of Monte Gargano. 



Off the northern coast of Capitanata are the Tremiti Islands, 

 about 10 miles distant from the Puuta di Mileto between the shore 

 hikes of Varano and Lesina. These islands are the ancient J>iomeJece 

 Jntulct. There are four of them : San Domenico the most southern 

 and the largest ; San Nicola or Tremiti ; Caprara ; and about 10 miles 

 north-eastward Pianoea, There is a monastery and castle on Tremiti ; 

 in this island a volcano burst forth May 15, 1810, and threw up stones 

 and lava for several hours. On San Domenieo also there is a large 

 monastery. This island was the place of exile of Augustus's 

 infamous granddaughter Julia, who died here. 



CAPO D'ISTRIA. [ISTBIA.] 



CAPPADO'CIA, a country of Asia Minor, usually spoken of in 

 two divisions 1, Cappadocia the Great, or Cappadocia bordering on 

 the Taurus (Strabo), also called Cappadocia simply ; and 2, Cappadocia 

 bordering on the Pontus, often called Pontus only. Cappadocia on the 

 Pontus includes the country north of the range of mountains anciently 

 called the Paryadres. Taken in its comprehensive sense the term 

 Cappadocia included nearly the whole of the Turkish province of 

 Roum, and a great part of Karamania. It was bounded N. by the 

 Pontus Euxinus (Black Sea), 8. by Taurus, which divided it from 

 Cilicia, \V. by Paphlagonia, Phrygia, and Galatia, and E. by the 

 Euphrates. Both the Cappadocians on the Pontus and those border- 



beyond , . 



Casatib.) Cappadocians was the name given them by the Persians. 

 (Herod, vii. 72.) There is a river Cappadox, mentioned by Pliny, 

 rising in some of the mountain-ridges, and flowing along the boun- 

 dary of Galatia and Cappadocia into the Halys ; the name is not 

 mentioned by Strabo ; and it is probably of comparatively late origin. 

 Some writers however have derived the name of the country from the 

 river. Ainsworth in the ' London Geographical Journal,' vol. x. 290, 

 supposes the Cappadox to be the Kalichi, which joins the Halys on 

 the right bank a little north of 39 N. lat. 



Cappadocia is one of the richest parts of Asia Minor ; it is charac- 

 terised by extensive plains of great fertility. It was generally deficient 

 in wood, "but well adapted fur grain, particularly wheat. Some parts of 

 it produced excellent wine. Of the mountains the principal is the 

 Taurus, which forms in fact the southern boundary. Two other 

 important chaius, the Anti-Taurus and the Paryadres (Keldir), run 

 nearly parallel from Armenia into the centre of Cappadocia. From 

 the summit of Mount Argama Strabo says (xii. p. 638), that the few 

 who had ever gone so high had been able to see the Black Sea and the 



OEOO. DIV. VOL. II. 



Gulf of Scanderoon, an assertion which is confuted by the bare 

 inspection of a map. [ANATOLIA.] Cappadocia' the Great generally 

 has little wood ; almost the only timber district is in the neighbour- 

 hood of Mount Argxus, which supplies the rest of the countiy with 

 fuel. Beyond this woody region which surrounds the mountain is a 

 sandy plain with a substratum of rock, quite barren and uncultivated. 

 The part between Mount Argaeus aud Mazaea (Kesarieh), and indeed 

 most of this district, appears to have been the seat of volcanic action 

 (Strab. xii. p. 538) ; it abounds in water, chiefly marshes caused by 

 the overflow of the river Melas. On the banks of the Melas were 

 some large stone quarries, which supplied the people of Mazaea with 

 building materials. Mazaea was the favourite abode of the kings of 

 Cappadocia, who appear to have selected it for its central position, 

 and because it abounded in timber and in stoiiD as well as in fodder, 

 which was a great object where so much attention was paid to cattle. 

 (Xen. ' Cyrop." ii. 1, 5.) The tribute which they paid to the Persian 

 monarch consisted chiefly in horses, mules, and sheep. The high 

 table-lands of this country are admirable pasture-land ; and it is 

 probable that in very early, as well as in later times, the Cappadocians 

 carried on an extensive trade in supplying the neighbouring nations 

 with horses and mules. (Ezekiel, xxvii., 4.) 



The principal towns of Pontic Cappadocia were on the coast. A 

 little east of the mouth of the Halys was Amisus (Sarnsun) : farther 

 east on the river Thermodon stood Theniiscyra, whose plains were 

 the fabled abode of the Amazons ; proceeding along the coast we 

 come to Cerasus, which some suppose to be represented by the modern 

 Keresun, where cherry-trees grow wild in great abundance on the 

 hills; it was from this place that Lucullus (B.C. 74) first brought 

 cherries into Italy, on his return from the Mithridatic war. The word 

 ' cherry ' (cerasua) took its name from the place. Just upon the 

 eastern boundary of Cappadocia on the Pontus stands Trapezus, the 

 modern Trebizond, originally a colony from Sinope (Xcn. ' Anab.' iv. 

 8. 22), where the Greeks met with a hospitable reception on their 

 retreat after the battle of Cunaxa. Trapezus and Cerasus paid tribute 

 to Sinope. (Xen. ' Anab.' v. 5, 1 0.) 



The chief towns inland were Amasia, Mazaea, Comana (in Pontus), 

 the great emporium for the Armenian merchants (Strab. xii. p. 559), 

 and Comana in Cappadocia the Great, the modern Bostan, which 

 contained a great temple of Bellona. To the west of Comana, near 

 the boundary of Lycaonia, was Tyana, or as Xenophon (' Anab.' i. 

 2, 20.) calls it, Dana, the limit of Cyrus's march in Cappadocia. The 

 principal rivers of Cappadocia are the Hulys (Kizil) and the Iris 

 (Yeshil), both of which flow into the Euxiue; and the Melas, which 

 flows into the Euphrates. The Kizil flows through a country 

 abounding in salt-hills, and hence Strabo supposes the ancient name 

 to have been derived (xii. p. 546, d). Indeed in many parts of Cappa- 

 docia salt tracts are found of great extent. [ANATOLIA.] The Iris 

 flows through Amasia. 



Cappadocia abounded also in mines of iron and silver : Horace 

 alludes to this fact. (' Epist.' i. 6, 39.) The iron mines in the north- 

 east of Pontus were worked by the Chalybcs (Strab. xii. 549, d ; Xen. 

 'Anab.' v. 5, 1), the greater part of whom appear to have gained a 

 livelihood by working in iron. On the same coast east of Samsun 

 (Amisus) at a place called Uuieh, rock alum still forms a considerable 

 article of trade. There is said to be a silver mine at a place near 

 Amasia, called now Hadji Kioi. Crystal, jasper, and onyx are said 

 also to enrich this country. (Strab. p. 540, a.) Strabo speaks of a 

 beautiful stone which was produced in Cappadocia, white like ivory ; 

 the handles of swords were made of it. 



The Cappadocians were very generally known during the Roman 

 occupation of their country for their unprincipled and vicious cha- 

 racter ; so much so that the word ' Cappadocian ' was only another 

 name for a villain. 



The condition of Cappadocia before the period of the Persian rule 

 is uncertain ; possibly it belonged to the extensive kingdom of Lydia. 

 At any rate both Cappadocia on the Pontus and Cappadocia ou the 

 Taurus appear to have formed one state. Darius Hystaspis is said to 

 have first divided it into two satrapies. (Strab. xii. 534, c.) The satraps 

 appear to have been kings of the countries tributary to the Persian 

 monarch, and hence an hereditary succession is observed. The 

 circumstance that Darius and his successors in this, as in most other 

 cases, left the government of the district with the native princes, is 

 probably to be attributed more to their inability to prevent it than to 

 any other reason. 



The first king of Cappadocia, according to Strabo (xii. p. 534, a), 

 was Ariarathes. But Aribseus, mentioned by Xeuophou (' Cyrop.' ii. 

 1, 5), would appear to have preceded him. The following list has been 

 drawn up in the ' Universal History ' (vol. x. p. 8) : Pharuaces, 

 Smei-dis, Atamnas, Auaphas I., Anaphas II., Datames, Ariaramnes I., 

 Ariarathes I., Olophcrnes, Arir.rathes II., Ariarathes III., Ariaramnes 

 II., Ariarathes IV., Ariarathes V., Ariarathes VI., Ariarathes VII., 

 Ariarathes VIII., Ariarathes IX. (the family of Pharnaces now extinct), 

 Ariobarzanes I., Ariobarzanes II., Ariobarzanes III., Archelaus. On 

 the death of Archelaus Cappadocia was reduced to a Roman province 

 (Strabo, xii. p. 534), which it continued to be till it was invaded by 

 the Turks. 



On the division of Cappadocia by the Persians Pontus was given 

 over to one of the ancestors of Mithridatcs, according to Justin and 



Y 



