325 



CARAMANIA. 



CARDIGAN. 



326 



The largest of the eight squares is the Pla9a Mayor, which is the 

 market for vegetables, fruit, meat, salted provisions, fish, poultry, 

 game, bread, parrots, monkeys, birds, &c. Within the square is the 

 cathedra], an extensive and solid edifice. The east and south sides 

 of the square are occupied by well-built barracks, erected by the 

 Spaniards. The city is the seat of a university ; it contains several 

 convents, three hospitals, and a theatre. The mean temperature of 

 the year is about 72 Fahr. ; that of the hot season is about 75 and 

 that of the cold season 66 ; but the thermometer sometimes reaches 

 84 or 85, and at others descends to 51 or 52. Rain is extremely 

 abundant during April, May, and June, but not so incessant as in 

 other tropical countries : the other parts of the year are rather dry. 



By the earthquake of 1812 about 12,000 persons are said to have 

 perished. The war with the Spaniards reduced the population still 

 further. The earthquake of 1826 also contributed to its diminution : 

 at this last period the population did not exceed 30,000. As Caracas 

 is united by roads with the well-cultivated valley of Aragua, and with 

 the Llanos, which extend south to the banks of the Orinoco, it is 

 the place from which all these countries receive European manufac- 

 tures, and to which they send their produce. The exports from La 

 Guayra consist principally of cacao, cotton, indigo, coffee, tobacco, 

 hides, and live cattle. 



CARAMA'NIA, or KARAMANIA, a large and important part of 

 Turkey, comprising nearly the whole of the south coast of Asia 

 Minor, which is described under the general head of ANATOLIA. This 

 extensive sea-bord, which, measuring from the Gulf of Iskenderoon, 

 or Scanderoon, to the Gulf of Makri is upwards of 400 miles long, is 

 divided into pashalics or governments bearing different names ; and 

 it seems that the appellation ' Caramania ' is neither used by the 

 present inhabitants nor recognised at the seat of government. The 

 name a not classical, for in ancient tunes the provinces called Lycia, 

 I'umphrlia, the two Cilicias, with parts of Cariaand Phrygia, occupied 

 the country which we call Caramania. In the middle ages however, 

 .1 kingdom or state called Karamanily, from the name of Karaman, 

 the founder of it, did exist here, and comprised all the ancient 

 provinces which we have mentioned ; but after a struggle of two 

 centuries it was conquered by the Osmanli Turks under Bajazet II., 

 about 1485. 



The fertile and beautiful district of Adana (the Cilicia Campestris 

 of the ancients) is the best cultivated part of Caramania. Solitude, 

 desertion, and wretchedness reign over nearly all the rest of the 

 long line of coast, where the frequent and splendid ruins of Grecian 

 and Roman cities indicate a prosperity and wealth that have long 

 been past. 



CARCASSONE, or CARCASONE. [AoDE.] 



CARDIFF, the county town of Glamorganshire, a municipal and 

 parliamentary borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, is situated 

 in 61 28' N. lat., 3 10' W. long. ; 166 miles W. from London by 

 road, and 170 miles by the South Wales railway. The population of 

 the borough in 1851 was 18,351. The borough is governed by 6 

 aldermen, one of whom is mayor, and 18 councillors ; but by an Act 

 passed in 1837 the management of local affairs is vested in a body of 

 commissioners consisting of the resident justices of the peace, the 

 constable of the castle, the mayor, aldermen, and town clerk, together 

 with 50 other persons. There is also a Local Board of Health. Cardiff, 

 with Cowbridge and Llantrissent, returns one member to the Imperial 

 Parliament. The livings of the two parishes are vicarages in the 

 archdeaconry and diocese of Llandaff. Cardiff Poor-Law Union 

 contains 44 parishes and townships, with an area of 127,941 acres, 

 and a population in 1851 of 46,443. 



The town is built on the left bank of the river Taffe, Taff, or Taf, 

 about a mile above the fall of tin river into Penarth Harbour. 

 Cardiff seems to be a corruption of Caer Taf, the 'fortress on the 

 Taf;' but some Welsh antiquaries derive the Welsh name of the 

 town (Caerdydil) from Caer Didi, the ' fortress of Didius,' from a post 

 which it is assumed the Roman general Aulus Didius erected here. 

 Cardiff is a corporate town of ancient date, its earliest charter being 

 dated 12 Edward III. (A.D. 1338). The town with its contributory 

 boroughs sent one member to Parliament by the statute 27 Henry VIII. 

 The town consists of the principal street on the road from London to 

 Pembroke, running east and west, a second main street at right angles 

 to this, three other large streets, and several smaller ones. Cardiff 

 has risen to the rank of an important commercial town and port from 

 the circumstance of its being the natural outlet of the large mineral 

 district of the Taff valley, and of the productions of the works at 

 Merthyr Tydvil and other places. During the last few years a marked 

 increase has taken place in the town in consequence of the opening of 

 several collieries in the Aberdare valley. A kind of coal peculiarly 

 adapted for the production of steam is raised in the Aberdare 

 niillivriea and brought to Cardiff for shipment to all parts of the 

 world. The town is built upon a low flat site, very little above the 

 onlin.iry high-water level. The town-hall, which is the highest point, 

 is only 10 feet above that level. The town is almost surrounded by 

 water : the actuaries of the Taff and the Ely form Cardiff harbour, 

 a shallow tract, a large portion of which is left uncovered as the tide 

 recedes. The Cardiff Flats are a level mud waste. The town is 

 lighted with gas by a company formed iu 1837. 



Among the buildings of Cardiff is the castle, now in possession of 



the Marquis of Bute, and converted into a modern mansion. This 

 castle was erected by Robert Fitzhamon, the Anglo-Norman conqueror 

 of Glamorganshire, in the room of a smaller one which stood on 

 the same site, built by the Welsh princes of Morganwg. Robert, 

 duke of Normandy, brother of William Rufus and Henry I., died in 

 the castle, having been a prisoner for 28 years. The west front of 

 the castle is modern, and being flanked by a massive octagonal tower, 

 appears to great advantage on entering the town from the west. 

 The ruins of the ancient keep, still standing on a circular mound 

 within the castle inclosure, command an extensive prospect over the 

 level amid which Cardiff is situated. In the interior of the castle 

 are some family portraits and other paintings by Vandyke, Kneller, 

 Romney, and other artists. 



The town is comprised within the parishes of St. John the Baptist 

 and St. Mary. St. John's includes the older part of the town ; St. 

 Mary's the modern part, iu the neighbourhood of the Bute Docks. 

 St. John's church is spacious and handsome, in the early English 

 stylo, with a lofty square embattled tower in the perpendicular style. 

 St. Mary's was built in 1845. There are chapels for Baptists, Inde- 

 pendents, Methodists, and Roman Catholics ; five public schools, at 

 which about a thousand children are educated ; an infirmary, built 

 at the charge of Daniel Jones, Esq., of Beaupre' ; and the Union 

 workhouse, which stands on the western outskirts of the town. The 

 county jail comprehends the house of correction for the eastern parts 

 of the county. The guildhall stands in the midst of one of the prin- 

 cipal streets. The market-house was built by the corporation in 1835. 



The population has risen from 2000 to upwards of 18,000 between 

 1801 and 1851. The Glamorganshire Canal was finished in 1798 ; 

 the Taff railway was opened in 1840. The river, the canal, and the 

 railway run nearly side by side, and terminate at Cardiff. The late 

 Marquis of Bute, the owner of a large amount of property in this 

 neighbourhood, projected the formation of a large harbour or dock 

 between the town and the Bristol Channel on a piece of waste ground 

 belonging to himself. The dock, called the Bute Dock, and a ship 

 canal leading thence to the sea, were opened about the same time as 

 the railway. On these works about 300,000/. has been expended. 

 The entrance into the floating harbour from the sea is through sea- 

 gates 45 feet in width ; the harbour or basin has an area of an acre 

 and a half, and is fitted for the reception of large vessels. The 

 main entrance lock is 152 feet long by 36 feet wide. The ship canal 

 extends to Cardiff, 1400 yards in length and 200 feet in width, com- 

 prising a mile of fine wharfage, and varying in depth from 13 to 

 19 feet. These improvements by affording facilities to the shipping 

 trade have tended to promote the growing prosperity of the port. 

 The number and tonnage of vessels registered as belonging to the 

 port of Cardiff on the.Slst of December 1852 were: Under 50 tons 

 22 vessels, 581 tons ; above 50 tons, 40 vessels, 6233 tons : steam- 

 vessels, under 50 tons, 7, tonnage 179 ; above 50 tons, 2, tonnage 187. 

 The number and tonnage of vessels that entered and cleared at the 

 port of Cardiff during 1852 were as follows : Coastwise, inwards 

 1394 sailing vessels, 66,209 tons ; outwards 5791, tonnage 392,734 : 

 steam-vessels, inwards 422, tonnage 39,048 ; outwards 421, tonnage 

 38,962. Colonial : inwards 97 vessels, tonnage 15,455 ; outwards 

 247, tonnage 57,379. Foreign, inwards 378 vessels, 65,820 tons ; out- 

 wards 1464 vessels, tonnage 286,846; and one steam-vessel of 

 86 tons. 



(Cliffe, Book of South Wales ; Communication from Cardiff.) 



CARDIGAN, the chief town of Cardiganshire, a sea-port, municipal, 

 and parliamentary borough, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, 

 mostly in the parish of St. Mary and partly in Pembrokeshire, is 

 chiefly situated on the right bank of the river Teify, about three 

 miles from its mouth, in 52 5' N. lat., 4 40' W. long. ; distant 

 239 miles W. by N. from London. The population of the borougli 

 in 1851 was 3876. The borough is governed by 4 aldermen, one 

 of whom is mayor, and 12 councillors; and in conjunction with 

 Aberystwith, Lampeter, and Adpar returns one member to the 

 Imperial Parliament. The living is a vicarage in the archdeaconry 

 of Cardigan and diocese of St. David's. Cardigan Poor-Law Union 

 contains 26 parishes and townships, with a population in 1851 

 of 20,144. 



Cardigan is called in Welsh Aberteify, from its position on the river 

 Teify. The corporation claim to be a corporation by prescription. 

 Cardigan first rose into a town about the time of the Norman conquest. 

 The foundation of its castle is ascribed to Gilbert de Clare, about 

 1160. In the struggles between the Welsh and their Norman 

 invaders for the possession of this post, which the mouth of the 

 river rendered important, the castle was frequently damaged or 

 destroyed. The two towers and the wall now standing are probably 

 the remains of the fortifications erected by Gilbert Marshall, about 

 the year 1240. Edward I. resided here for a month while settling 

 the affairs of South Wales. The castle stands in a commanding 

 position above the river, which is here crossed by an ancient bridge. 

 Giraldus Cambrensis states the Teify to have been the last British 

 river in which beavers were to be found. There was a priory here, 

 which Leland says contained 11 black monks, and was a cell to 

 Chertsey. A small but strong camp called H6n Castell, is situated 

 on the banks of the Teify, a little below the town. All the streets 

 are narrow except the principal one, at the end of which stands the 



