323 



CARDIGANSHIRE. 



CARIXTHIA. 



330 



possesses a Free Grammar school, founded in 1757 by Edward 

 Richards. There are some remains of a British or Roman encamp- 

 ment, and of a Norman castle which figures somewhat conspicuously 

 in early Welsh history. 



lUriiiam for Ecclesiastical and Legal Purposes. Cardiganshire is 

 wholly in the province of Canterbury, diocese of St. David's, and 

 archdeaconry of Cardigan. The several parishes are divided among 

 the deaneries of Emlyn, Kemmes, Sub Ayron, and Upper Ayron. 

 According to the 'Census of Religious Worship' taken iu 1851, it 

 appears that in the Registration county (which includes, in addition 

 to the county proper, parts of Caermarthenshire and Pembrokeshire, 

 with an additional population of about 27,000), there were then 349 

 places of worship, described as follows: Church of England, 110; 

 Calvinistic Methodists, 82 ; Independents, 71; Baptists, 48; Wesleyan 

 Methodists, 20 ; Unitarians, 1 4 ; Latter-Day Saints, 2 ; Primitive 

 Methodists, 1 ; Wesleyan Association, 1. The number of sittings 

 provided was 82,335. 



The county is divided by the Poor-Law Commissioners into five 

 Unions : Aberayron, Aberystwith, Cardigan, Lampeter, and Tregaron. 

 These Unions include 108 parishes and townships, with a population 

 in 1851 of 77,319 ; but the boundaries of the Unions are not strictly 

 co-extensive with those of the county. Cardigan is in the South 

 Wales and Chester circuit. The assizes are held at Cardigan. The 

 Easter quarter sessions are held at Lampeter, at other times at 

 Cardigan or Aberayron. County courts are held at Aberayron, 

 Aborystwith, Cardigan, Lampeter, Llandeilo-vawr, and Newcastle in 

 Emlyn. One member is returned to the Imperial Parliament for the 

 county ; another for the contributory boroughs. 



Ciril History and A ntiquitia. The name Cardigan is derived from 

 ' Cavedigion,' which signifies the territory of Caredig, the first king of 

 thia district. One of his successors, Rodri Mawr, or Roderick the 

 .in tho year 843 became by inheritance and marriage the king 

 uf all W;il . Roderick divided his dominions into three parts, in 

 each of which he had built a palace, and, bequeathing to each of his 

 sons a share, appointed the third prince umpire over the quarrels of 

 any other two. Cardiganshire became the property of Cadell, who 

 shortly after his father's death seized upon his brother Merfyn's 

 portion, which caused the eldest brother Auarawd to lay waste the 

 county of Cardigan. Cadell died in 900. After this time Cardigan 

 became a lordship under the princes of South Wales. In 952 Cardi- 

 ganshire was again laid waste by two North Welsh princes, who 

 claimed it as then* possession. In 1038 Gryffydd, prince of North 

 Wales, came into Cardiganshire, burnt Llanbadarn-vawr, and after- 

 wards compelled all South Wales to swear allegiance to him. About 

 1092 the Normans landed here, and Roger Montgomery, earl of 

 Arundel, did homage to William Rufus for the lordships of Cardigan 

 and Powia; but when King William returned to Normandy the 

 W.-l-h, commanded by the princes both of North and South Wales, 

 entered Cardiganshire, and destroyed the Normans, their castles and 

 fortifications. In 1097 Cadwgan, who had been deprived of his pos- 

 sessions iu South Wales, regained Cardiganshire with part of Powis. 

 Upon a dispute with Cadwgan, Henry I. gave permission to Gilbert 

 Strongbow, earl of Strygill, to seize his territories. Gilbert raised a 

 strong force, soon reduced Cardiganshire, and built the castles of 

 Aberystwith and Cilgerran. In 1135 Cadwalader and Owen Gwynedd, 

 the sous of the prince of North Wales, with 6000 foot and 2000 horse, 

 overran the country as far as Cardigan, and were victorious in an 

 engagement with Stephen, the governor of the place. About the year 

 1137 Owen Gwynedd a second time invaded Cardiganshire, which it 

 seems then belonged to his brother Cadwalader. He entered it a 

 third time and burnt Aberystwith Castle in 1142. The disturbances 

 among the Welsh continued with little intermission until 1171, when 

 King Henry II. gave Cardiganshire with other territories to Prince 

 Rhys, the last prince of this district. In 1176 Rhys gave a great 

 entertainment at Christmas in his castle of Cardigan ; several hun- 

 dreds of English, Normans, and others were there. All the bards ">f 

 Wales were present, answering each other in rhyme. Maelgwyn, one 

 of the Welsh princes, having a contest with his nephews, whose 

 authority he had usurped, swore allegiance to the English, and 

 procuring a large army of English and Normans gave battle to his 

 nephews, but was conquered and slain. King John having already 

 subdued the rest of Wales, compelled Rhys and Owen, the nephews 

 of Maelgwyn, to give up their lands and do homage to him. In 1238 

 Llewellyn summoned all the Welsh lords and barons to Ystradflur, 

 where each swore fealty to him, and did homage to his son David, 

 whmu he named his successor. But Gilbert Marshal, earl of Pem- 

 broke, besieged, took, and garrisoned the castle of Cardigan. In 1270 

 Madoc did homage to Llewellyn ap Gruffydd as lord of Cardigan, 

 agreeably to the charter granted by the king of England, which con- 

 firmed to Llewellyn the title of Prince of Wales. King Edward I. in 

 1277 obtained great advantages over Llewellyn, and dictated hard 

 conditions of peace, to enforce which he built and garrisoned a castle 

 at Aberystwith. Edward now divided Wales into counties, and 

 annexed it to England in 1284; and the better to settle his affairs, 

 goon afterwards made a progress through Cardiganshire. In 1404 

 Owen Glyndwr took Aberystwith Castle, which was recovered by 

 Prince Heury in 1407. 



Cardiganshire abounds with antiquities. The remains of British 



and Roman encampments are exceedingly numerous and widely 

 spread. There are also many Celtic remains of the kind commonly 

 attributed to the Druids. Of two stone circles near Nant-y-nod, the 

 larger, consisting of 76 upright stones, is 228 feet, the smaller 98 feet 

 in circumference. The cairns are numerous. That popularly known 

 as Bedd Taliesin, or the Grave of Taliesin (the famous Welsh bard), 

 is 130 feet in circumference. Besides the Roman station at Llanio, a 

 Roman road known as Sarn Helen traverses the county in a north 

 and south direction from that place. Remains of castles are either 

 standing or it is evident that such fortifications have existed at Car- 

 digan, Aberystwith, Lampeter, Ystradmeyric, Cilcennin, Llanrysted, 

 Dinerth, Moyddgn, Abereinon, Penwedic, Castell Gwalter, Castell 

 Cadwgan, Hen'Castell, Castell Flemis, &c. There were also religious 

 houses at Cardigan, Lampeter, Llaurysted, Llandewi-Brevi, and Strata 

 Florida. The abbey of Strata Florida was the depository of part of 

 the records of the principality, and the burial-place of many Welsh 

 princes and celebrated bards. Rhys Gruffydd founded the first abbey 

 in 1164 ; this building however was destroyed, and a new one erected 

 two miles distant from the original site. 



Cardigan is chiefly an agricultural county. The manufactures are 

 confined to the weaving of a small quantity of flannel and coarse 

 woollen stuffs. Gloves are made in the neighbourhood of Aberyst- 

 with and Tregaron. Oats, butter, and slates are exported. The 

 vessels engaged during the summer iu the coasting trade are used in 

 autumn as fishing-boats. The principal imports are coal from Liver- 

 pool, culm from South Wales, Pembroke limestone, and Memel and 

 American deals. The harbours are extremely exposed, and the bars 

 at Cardigan and Aberystwith are great impediments to navigation. 

 In 1851 the only savings bank in Cardiganshire was at Aberystwith : 

 the amount owing to depositors on the 20th of November 1851 was 

 32,01 7/. 6*. 9d. 



CARDINGTON. [BEDFORDSHIRE.] 



CAREW. [PEMBROKESHIRE.] 



CARIA. [KARIA.] 



CA'RIBBEE ISLANDS, The, have received their name from the 

 Caribs. By this denomination are understood the whole series of 

 islands which on the north begin with the Virgin Islands and on the 

 south terminate with Trinidad. [ANTILLES.] 



CARIBS,. or CARIBBEES, is the name given by the first European 

 navigators to one of tho aboriginal tribes of Seuth America, and which 

 has been adopted by all European nations, though they call themselves 

 Carina, Calina, and Callinago. At the time of the arrival of the Euro- 

 peans in America the Caribs were in possession of the smaller inlands 

 of the West Indies which lie between Puerto Rico and the Gulf of 

 Pario. The Caribs made stout resistance against the European in- 

 truders, but at last they were compelled to yield and to abandon tho 

 islands after the greater port of them had fallen in contiuually- 

 repeated conflicts. A small number is said to exist still on the islands 

 of Trinidad, St. Vincent, and Dominica. 



Though the Caribs have been nearly extirpated from the islands, 

 there still exists a considerable number on the continent of South 

 America. They are principally found on the banks of the Lower 

 Orinoco and of the Caroni, one of its principal tributaries, whcro they 

 are partly settled in the missions along the Caroni and Orinoco, but a 

 considerable number are still independent under their owii caciques, 

 to whom they pay great respect. 



The Caribs are distinguished from the other native tribes of America 

 by their althletic stature and their great courage and firmness of pur- 

 pose. They speak of other savages with contempt and disdain, and 

 think themselves a privileged race. The Caribs have been accused of 

 cannibalism. [AMERICA, Man of, vol. i. 294.] 



CARIESFORT. [WicKLOW.] 



CARIGALLIN. [CORK.] 



CARINTHIA (Karnthen), a Crownland of the Austrian empire, 

 constituting the northern part of the former kingdom of Illyria, is 

 bounded N. and E. by Styria, W. by Salzburg and the Tyrol, and S. 

 by Carniola, It is situated between 46 and 47 N. lat., 13 and 15 

 E. long., and occupies an area of 3978 square miles, with a population 

 of 319,220 in 1850. Its northern and southern districts, between 

 which the Drave runs from west to east, are covered with the Noric 

 and Carnic Alps respectively, and with their offshoots ; the land 

 inclosed between these enormous masses does not enjoy the heat 

 whieh is indispensable to successful cultivation, and the produce 

 of the soil is insufficient for the population. The valleys between 

 the mountains coutain however a deep soil of sand and clay intei- 

 mixed, and are very productive. Of the two mountain chains whieh 

 encompass Carniola, the formation is wholly dissimilar. The Noric 

 Alps are composed of granite, gneiss, and other primitive rocks, which 

 are not unfrequently traversed by beds and strata of quartz, sulphate 

 of barytes, and various species of ores. This chain also contains tho 

 most elevated summits in Cariuthia ; the ' Glockner,' which is on the 

 north-western border, has an elevation of 12,980 feet, and is the highest 

 of the Carinthian Mountains. Many parts of the Noric Alps are 

 densely covered with forests. The Carnic Alps are composed of 

 limestone. The eastern districts are bounded by the Carniolan Alps, 

 whieh are much inferior in height to the two other ranges. The most 

 remarkable feature in these Carniolan Alps is that portion called the 

 Dobralsch, or Villach Alps, the elevation of which averages about 7500 



