CARLINQFORa 



CARLISLE. 



feet, and along the aide of which runs a fine plateau. The highest 

 pointo in this chain produce only (tainted grass, Iceland moss, and 

 rtlur pUnU mumbling the legeUtion of the mart northerly parts of 

 Kttfope. 



CarinUiiai* richly supplied with streams. The Drave, which receives 

 most of the rivers, oaten the orownland from the Tyrol, wid flows 

 for about 140 mile* from west to eact through Carinthia. [DRAVE.] 

 The other Urge rivers which water it are the tiuil. Mull, Luer, Quit, 

 Qiao, and Levant The crownland also aboundi in mountain stream* 

 and amall lakes. Only a small ratio of the surface i adapted for 

 tillage, but there U a good breadth of meadow and pasture land. 

 The stuck of domestic animals includes hone*, oxen, cows, and sheep. 

 Horned cattle and sheep are the most numerous. The breed of hones 

 is much finer in Upper than in Lower Carinthia, but in the latter the 

 breed of horned cattle is superior. The wool is of an ordinary descrip- 

 tion. Swine and goats are reared in most parts. A very small portion 

 of the soil is laid out in garden-ground and vineyards. The woods 

 and forest* cover about 570,000 acres. 



The mines of Carinthia constitute its chief wealth. The mountain 

 chains are rich in copper, iron, lead, and zinc. The mines of Fragant 

 in Upper Carinthia contain inexhaustible supplies of copper. This 

 metal is also raised at Kerachdorf in the circle of Villach, and on 

 Mount Lumbrecht in that of Klagenfurt Iron ore occurs through 

 the whole length of the alpine chain, from the confines of the Tyrol 

 in the west to those of Styria in the east. The principal mines at 

 work are at Dollach, Qmiind, Freiaach, Huttenberg (where there are 

 eighteen high-blast furnaces), Waldenstein, and St Qertraud. In all 

 the Austrian dominions there are no lead-works so extensive and 

 productive as those of tho Ore-Mountain (Erzberg), close to the Lead- 

 Mountain (Bleyberg), at no great distance from Villach in Upper 

 Carinthia. The largest ziuc and calamine works are situated on the 

 Raibl in the southern part of Upper Carinthia. On the Kaibl, and in 

 the iron strata at Huttenberg, antimony is found. Immense beds of 

 coal exist in Carinthia, and ininea are worked at a few places. Large 

 quantities of turf are dug at Feldkirchen and at Loretto on the 

 Worthsee. Carinthia contains quartz, jasper, semi-opal, garnet, beryl, 

 and other valuable stones, as well as various kinds of clay, talc, lime- 

 stone, tc. There are marble quarries at Valden, Upper Villach, and 

 Weaserleonburg in Upper, and at Sittersdorf, *c., in Lower Carinthia. 



Both Carinthia and Carniola are named from the Carni, an aucient 

 Celtic tribe which occupied the Carnic and Julian Alps, and is sup- 

 posed to have been so called from the Celtic word (Cam) for ' mountain 

 peek.' The territory of the Carni however was not co-extensive with 

 that of the two Crownlands named, but seems to have included the 

 highlands between the Drave and the head of the Adriatic, from the 

 Piave to the source of the Save. Tergeste, now Trieet, was originally 

 a Carnic village. 



The industrial products are principally iron, iron-ware, and steel. 

 The other manufactures consist of woollens, silk stuffs, cotton print*, 

 ribands, and white-lead ; the greater part at Klagenfurt, the capital 

 of Carinthia. Independently of what has been enumerated, Carniola 

 has few product* to export beyond horned cattle. Its internal com- 

 munications are much facilitated by good roads, among which there 

 is a skilfully-constructed one across the steep and rocky Loibl into 

 Carniola. A branch railroad is in course of construction southward 

 from Klagenfurt to join the Vienna-Triest lino at Layboch. 



The western part of the crownland is commonly called Upper 

 Carinthia, the eastern part Lower Carinthia. In the former, which is a 

 truly alpine country, cattle-breeding, mining, and wood-cutting are 

 the chief occupations ; in Lower Carinthia, on the contrary, there are 

 many fertile valleys well adapted for cultivation. The inhabitants are 

 partly of German partly of Slavonic origin, the latter considerably 

 preponderating. They are all Catholics, except a small number who 

 are Lutherans and under the jurisdiction of the consistory of Vienna. 

 Carinthia is in the jurisdiction of the supreme tribunal of Orate. The 

 governor of the crownland reside* in Klagenfurt. The chief towns, 

 KLAOEHFUHT an>l VII.I.AI n. arc noticed in separate articles. The 

 Crownland of Carinthia is included in the so-called Germanic empire. 



CARLINGFORO. [Lorm] 



CARLISLE, Cumberland, the capital of the county, an episcopal 

 city, a parliamentary and municipal borough and port, and the seat 

 of a Poor-Law Union, stands on an eminence nearly encompassed by 

 three streams, the largest of which, the Eden, passing the city on the 

 north side receive* the other two the Caldew on the west and the 

 Petoril on the east of the city. Carlisle is situated in 54 63' N. lat, 

 r 65' W. long., distent 801 miles N.W. by N. from London by road, 

 and 3oo miles by the North-Western and the Lancaster and Carlisle 

 railway*. The borough is governed by 10 aldermen, one of whom is 

 mayor, and 30 councillors ; and returns two members to the Imperial 

 Parliament The population of the city of Carlisle in 1851 was 

 20,310. The livings of the parishes of Ht. Mary and St. Cuthbort are 

 perpetual curacies in the archdeaconry and diocese of Carlisle. Car- 

 lUle Poor-Law Union contains 19 parishes and townships, with an area 

 of 62,881 acre*, and a population in 1851 of 41,566. 



Carlisle ls supposed to be of British origin, and there U reason to 

 conclude that it was a Roman station, the Luguvallum of tho ' Itine- 

 rary' of Antoninus. It was probably first fortified about the tin,.- ,,f 

 AgricoU. The Dane* destroyed it about the end of the 9th century ; 



and it remained desolate for two centuries afterwards. Ita restoration 

 and the erection of the castle are attributed to William Kufus. The 

 subsequent history of Carlisle, down to the union of the two kingdoms, 

 i. intimately connected with the war* between England and Scotland, 

 and the history of the bonier feuds and forays. Carlisle was taken 

 by David I., king of Scotland, and was besieged afterwards without 

 success by William the Lion. It suffered by fire during subsequent 

 siege*, ft was occupied on different occasions by Edward L, who in 

 1806-7 held a Parliament here. Mary Queen of Scotland stopped in 

 her flight after the battle of Langside at Carlisle, where commenced 

 IHT long imprisonment in England. The inhabitants declared for 

 Charles I. ; in the civil wars they suffered severe privations. In 1745 

 the garrison surrendered to the Pretender, Charles Stuart, tho mayor 

 and corporation presenting him with the keys of the city on their 

 knees, and afterwards proclaiming him King of Great Britain. On 

 the city being re-taken by the Duke of Cumberland some of the prin- 

 cipal actors on this occasion suffered death ; on others severities little 

 short of death were inflicted. 



To ita position as a fortified border-town Carlisle owes much of ita 

 importance and the possession of many immunities and privilege* 

 which at various periods in ita early history were conferred upon it 



Till about a century ago no trade or manufacture of any import- 

 ance appears to have been carried on within the city. The compara- 

 tive strength of ita position in a district frequently exposed to border 

 conflicts, attracted to it the surrounding inhabitants, so that at cer- 

 tain periods in ita history it was a populous place ; but after the 

 union of the crowns of England and Scotland in the person of 

 James I. of England, Carlisle sunk into decay ; a condition from which 

 during the last 60 or 70 years it has been gradually but steadily reco- 

 vering. In 1763 tho population was about 4000; in 1780 it was 

 6299 ; in 1801, 10,221 ; in 1831 the total population amounted to 

 19,069 ; in 1851 it was, as mentioned above, 26,310. 



The principal trade of Carlisle arises from ita manufactures of 

 cotton goods and ginghams. There are also hat-factories, dye-works, 

 and several extensive foundries. The distance of the city from Port 

 Carlisle, at the mouth of the river Eden on the Solway Frith, U about 

 nine miles ; a ship canal, 11 miles in length, which was completed in 

 1823, connects Carlisle with Bowuess on the Solway Frith. By this 

 canal vessels of 100 tons can ascend to the town. A steamer pli< > 

 twice a week between Liverpool and Port Carlisle. Besides being a 

 principal station on one of tho railway routes to Scotland, Carlisle pos- 

 sesses railway communication with Newcastle-on-Tyne and South 

 Shields on the eastern coast and with Maryport on the western. 



The following statement gives a view of the shipping business of 

 Carlisle : The number and tonnage of vessels registered as belonging 

 to Carlisle on the 31st of December 1852, wereSailing-vessel* under 

 50 tons, 12, tonnage, 399 ; above 50 tons, 23, tonnage, 1624 : steam- 

 vessels, one of 10 tons, and one of 231 tons. The vessels which entered 

 and cleared at the port during 1852 were as follows : Coasting trade, 

 inwards 139, tonnage, 5908 ; outwards 343, tonnage, 14,836 : 

 steam-vessels, inwards 104, tonnage, 26,646 ; outwards 99, ton- 

 nage, 26,319. In the colonial and foreign trade there entered 12 

 vessels of 2286 tons, and cleared 4 of 860 tons. 



Before the Reformation there were several ecclesiastical establish- 

 ments in the city. Dr. Palcy was archdeacon of Carlisle, and pub- 

 lished some of his most popular works while residing in the city. Ho 

 is buried in the cathedral, where a monument has been erected to his 

 memory. The cathedral is an ancient building of red freestone, dis- 

 playing specimens of different styles of architecture from the Norman 

 downwards. It is a comparatively small building, and inferior to 

 most other English cathedrals. The chief architectural feature is 

 the great east window, which is a splendid and elaborate example of 

 the decorated style. The principal dimensions of the cathedral of 

 Carlialeare as follows : Extreme length, 242 feet; breadth, 130 feet; 

 length of nave, 110 feet ; breadth of nave, 34 feet ; height, 73 feet ; 

 height of tower, 123 feet In addition to the cathedral and St. 

 Mary's there are three other churches St Cuthbert's, Trinity, and 

 Christ church, and places of worship for Independents, Wesleyon and 

 Primitive Methodista, Presbyterians, Baptists, Quakers, and Roman 

 Catholics. Carlisle pom eases an Endowed Grammar school, founded 

 by Henry VIII. It is free to the choristers of the cathedral The 

 school possesses an income from endowment of 1082. a year. It is 

 under the care of a head and second master, and three other masters : 

 the number of scholars in 1852 was 75. There are National, British, 

 anil Infant schools, a School of Industry, and St Patrick's school, 

 instituted in 1825 for the education of 400 children. Tho Fawcett 

 were recently erected as a testimonial of respect to the vene- 

 rable incumbent of St Cuthbert's church. There are in Carlisle two 

 literary institutions, a mechanics institute, a public library, two public 

 news-rooms, and a savings bank. 



The castle of Carlisle, erected in 1092, lies between the city and the 

 Eden, on a slight eminence overlooking the river. Sonic parta of tho 

 original castle remain in an unusually perfect state. This is especially 

 the case with the barbican, which is a very interesting example of that 

 portion of a Norman castle. Carlisle castle is still maintained as a 

 M-fortress. Scarcely any portion of the old walls and bulwarks 

 now remains. The county jail and house of correction, erected in 

 1827, are within the city. A county court is held in Carlisle. 



