333 



CARLOVITZ. 



CAIILOW. 



334 



Considerable improvement has taken place in Carlisle of late years. 

 Many new buildings have been erected ; handsome streets have been 

 formed ; the roads in the vicinity have been much improved. Among 

 the more recent buildings may be mentioned the custom-house, a neat 

 and convenient structure, situated at the canal basin ; the news-room, 

 in English Street, built of white freestone, in the decorated style, and 

 erected iu 1831 ; the fish-market, a plain Grecian building, erected 

 by the corporation ; and the large railway station of the Lancaster 

 and Carlisle Railway Company. A handsome elliptical stono bridge 

 of five arches was erected over the Eden in 1812, at a cost of 70.000J. 

 There are also bridges over the Caldew and the Peteril. The city 

 contains a number of benevolent institutions, among which are the 

 infirmary, a fever hospital, a dispensary, and a humane society. 



The market-days are Wednesday and Saturday. Fairs are held in 

 August and September. A series of fairs or ' great marts ' for horses 

 and cattle, commences on the Saturday after the 10th of October, 

 and continues every Saturday till Christmas. 



An earldom of Carlisle was created shortly after the Norman con- 

 quest. It has become three times extinct, by surrender, attainder, 

 and death without issue. The present earldom was revived in 1661, 

 and is held by a branch of the Howard family. Carlisle was erected 

 into a bishop's see by Henry I. in 1133 ; the bishop having jurisdic- 

 tion over a large portion of Cumberland and Westmorland. The 

 diocese at present extends over a considerable part of these two coun- 

 ties, and comprises 137 benefices : there ia only one archdeaconry 

 that of Carlisle. The chapter consists of the dean, four canons, the 

 archdeacon, chancellor, three minor canons, registrar, deputy-registrar, 

 and secretaries. The income of the bishop is fixed at 300IM. a year. 



(Nicholson and Burn, Hiilory of Cumberland; Lysons, Afagna 

 Britannia ; Communication from Carlisle.) 



CARLOVITZ, a well-built town in the Slavonian military frontier, 

 is situated on the right bank of the Danube, about 8 miles S.E. from 

 Peterwardein, and has about 5600 inhabitants. It is the seat of the 

 archbishop or metropolitan of the Greek Church in the Austrian 

 dominions. The finest buildings are the cathedral and the archiepis- 

 copal palace. The only quarter of Carlovitz which has the appearance 

 of a town is that part which adjoins the archiepiscopal palace ; the 

 larger portion of it stretches like a village along the Danube. It 

 contains three other churches, a Greek theological seminary, a 

 lyceum, a Roman Catholic academy, and an hospital. The church 

 of Mariafried on an adjacent eminence is built upon the spot on which 

 the treaty of 1699 between Leopold II. and his Polish and Venetian 

 allies and Muatapha II. of Turkey was concluded. By this treaty 

 Austria gained Hungary, Transylvania, and Slavonia. The traffic of 

 Carlovitz is derived from its fisheries and transit-trade, as well as the 

 export of the wines, which the environs produce in considerable 

 quantity; this has in some years amounted to 1,800,000 gallons. 

 Carlovitz 'n a station for the Danube steamers. Although situated 

 within the military frontier, it is a free town, governed by civil magis- 

 trates, and its inhabitants are exempted from military duty in order 

 that they may apply themselves to trade and manufactures. 



CARLOW, an inland county of the province of Leinster in Ireland, 

 ia bounded E. and S.E. by the counties of Wicklow and Wexford, which 

 separate it from the Irish Channel, S.W. and W. by the county of 

 Kilkenny, and N.W. and N. by the Queen's county and the county of 

 Kildare. It lies between 52 28' and 52 53' N. lat., 6 32' and 7 7' 

 W. long. It has an area of 221,342 acres, of which 184,059 acres are 

 arable, 31,249 uncultivated, 4927 in plantations, 602 comprised in 

 towns, and 505 acres under water : the population in 1851 was 68,075. 



The county, which is in form nearly triangular, comprises a plain 

 of considerable extent and fertility, lying between the Wicklow and 

 Wexford ranges on the east, and the high lands which bound the 

 valley of the Barrow on the west. The Slaney River descending 

 along the western declivities of the Wicklow range, and thence passing 

 by the northern extremity of the Wexford group waters the central 

 and north-eastern divisions of the county, passing in its course the 

 towns of Rathvilly, Tullow, and ClonegalL The Barrow forms the 

 boundary of the county on the west, except through a portion of ita 

 caurse where it cuts off the barony of Idrone West. The county 

 town of Carlow, and the towns of Leighlin Bridge, Bagenalstown, and 

 Borris are situated on the Barrow in this part of its course : the 

 adjoining districts display excellent agriculture and great fertility. 

 The southern extremity of the county, included between the Barrow 

 and the mountain range of Blackstairs (2401 feet) and Mount Leinster 

 (2604 feet), is hilly and ill cultivated. Through a distance of about 

 15 miles these mountains form a barrier between the south of Carlow 

 and the adjoining county of Wexford, crossed only by one leading 

 road through the pass of Scullough Gap. 



The principal geological constituent is granite, which extends from 

 the mountainous district of Wicklow through the entire central tract 

 of the county. Through the central and more productive part of the 

 field the granite is covered by tertiary beds of limestone gravel. In 

 the southern division the granite rises into the elevations of Mount 

 Leinster and Blackatairs. North of the ridge of Mount Leinster a 

 tract of the silurian slate of Wexford, skirted by greenstone protru- 

 nions, crosses the valley of the Slaney from the neighbourhood of 

 Clonegall to Myshall. In the valley of the Barrow the upper lime- 

 stone*, calp, and lower limestone present their respective edgrn in 



parallol fields corresponding pretty nearly to the course of the river 

 which flows chiefly through the field of calp. A small projection of 

 the old red-sandstone formation of the Slievenamon group occurs at 

 Goresbridge. In the limestone district the soil ia gravelly but warm ; 

 it is lighter and more peaty in the granite district. From the facility 

 of splitting with the wedge the granite which is found here, lintels of 

 granite are commonly employed in cases where bars of wood are used 

 elsewhere, and a common fence in the county of Carlow is a granite 

 paling, the square lintels resting on their angles in notches on the 

 tops of granite uprights ; the weight of the stone keeps it in its place 

 without any further fastening. A branch of the Great Southern and 

 Western railway has been open since August 1846, connecting Dublin 

 with Carlow town ; and an extension of the line from Carlow to 

 Laviestown, within two miles of Kilkenny, was opened iu November 

 1850. The great southern road from Dublin to Kilkenny passes 

 through the county in a direction nearly parallel to the Barrow, 

 which it crosses at Leighlin Bridge. The roads are numerous and 

 mostly in good repair. Carlow also derives considerable facilities of 

 transport from the Barrow navigation, which affords a water-carriage 

 south to Waterford, and north by the Grand Canal, a branch of which 

 meets it at Athy, to Dublin and the Shannon. 



With a good soil and a resident proprietary Carlow has long held 

 no mean position as an agricultural and productive county. The 

 crops generally raised are potatoes, wheat, barley, and oats. The 

 number of acres under crop in 1851 was 87,615 : namely, wheat, 

 10,191; oats, 28,415; barley, bere, and rye, 5709; beans and peas, 

 136; potatoes, 11,154; turnips, 6047; mangel-wurzel, carrots, pars- 

 nips, and cabbage, 1157; vetches and other green crops, 352; flax, 

 117; and meadow and clover, 24,319 acres. Of plantations, including 

 oak, ash, elm, beech, and fir trees, mixed timber, and fruit, there were 

 8428 acres. In 1851 the number of holdings in the county was 5942, 

 of which number 529 did not exceed one acre. In the same year on 

 6403 holdings (of which 5413 were under one acre) there were 7039 

 horses, 2309 mules and asses, 33,989 cattle, 32,268 sheep, 24,642 pigs, 

 2743 goats, and 105,635 poultry. On the whole the county is a rich 

 one, and the farmers have hitherto, for their stations, been generally 

 comfortable. 



The manufacture of coarse woollens was at one time carried on to 

 some extent in Carlow, but the trade is now altogether gone. The 

 county is essentially agricultural, and its staple is the raising and 

 preparation of provisions especially corn, butter, flour, and oatmeal. 

 On the Barrow navigation there is a fall of rather more than one foot 

 per mile, which gives a great water-power available for mill sites at 

 almost every weir ; the number of corn-mills along the line is accord- 

 ingly very great, and with one or two exceptions these establishments 

 lie within the limits of this county. The provision trade consists 

 chiefly in bacon for the home market. Large quantities of barley are 

 malted by the resident maltsters and distillers. 



The only towns of any importance in this county are CARLOW, 

 Tullow, and Bagenalstowu. Carlow will be found described under 

 its title : Tullow and Bagenalstown, with one or two villages, we 

 notice here. Tullow is situated on the Slaney, on the road from 

 Dublin to Wexford, iu a well-cultivated and agreeable country : the 

 population in 1851 was 2963. The parish church is adorned with a 

 tower, and the Roman Catholic chapel with a spire, which form 

 striking features in the landscape. There are here a small monastery 

 and convent, the members of which occupy themselves iu education. 

 Quarter sessions are held here in rotation. The town is improving. 



Bayenalitown, on the Barrow, is a small but neat and thriving place : 

 in 1851 it had a population of 2256, and 36 inmates of the fever 

 hospital. The sessions house, occupying an elevated site, has a hand- 

 some Ionic portico. A considerable number of respectable families 

 reside here and in the vicinity ; and an extensive trade is carried on 

 in milling, for which the Barrow affords abundant water-power. The 

 quarrying and dressing of granite also affords a good deal of employ- 

 ment. Quarter sessions are held here. 



Borris is a small town, population 720 in 1851, which has grown up 

 aa an appendage to the neighbouring manor-house of Borris, the 

 residence of the Kavanagh family. The Roman Catholic chapel is in 

 the village ; the private chapel attached to Borris House serves as the 

 ordinary place of worship for the Protestant inhabitants of Borris 

 town. Borris House is an imposing building in the Elizabethan style, 

 and stands in a park of great extent and beauty on the left bank of 

 the Barrow. Cloneyall, population 334, on the eastern border of the 

 county, is picturesquely situated on the river Derry, about 7 miles 

 S.8.E. from Tullow. The village contains some good buildings. Ten 

 fairs are held in the course of the year ; two in May and December 

 for frieze ; the rest for cattle. JlackeUtown, population 790, on the 

 Derreen rivulet, about 35 miles S. by W. from Dublin, is a place of 

 some importance in the district in which it is situated. Fourteen fairs 

 are held in the course of the year. The town possesses a respectable 

 amount of trade. Besides the parochial chapel, there are two chapels for 

 Roman Catholics, and National and Charity schools. Leighlin Bridge, 

 population 1292 in 1851, so called from a bridge built here in 1320 by 

 a canon of the cathedral of Kildare, to facilitate the access to the 

 cathedral church of Old Leighlin which stands two miles west, is a 

 small straggling town on both sides of the Barrow. The parish 

 church and Roman Catholic chapel stand on the right bank ; tho ruins 



