337 



CARLSBAD. 



CARMEL. 



33i 



granted to Donogh O'Brien, earl of Thomond, and the office of con- 

 stable of the castle was bestowed on him and his son Brien in consi- 

 siderat ion of his surrender of certain castles in Tipperary and Limerick. 

 In 1613 Jaines I. granted a charter to the inhabitants of Carlow, con- 

 stituting the town a borough. This charter was superseded by the 

 Reform Act. The dilapidation of the castle has been comparatively 

 recent. The whole structure, a square of 105 feet, with massive 

 round towers at the angles, was standing in 1814, when an injudicious 

 attempt was made to modernise it by piercing new windows and 

 diminishing the thickness of the walls, in consequence of which more 

 than one-half of the building fell to the ground. Its ruins, consisting 

 of one curtain wall with its flanking towers, about 65 feet in height, 

 stand over the left bank of the Barrow, and still form a prominent 

 and picturesque object. 



The Lunatic Asylum for the counties of Carlow, Kildare, Wexford, 

 Kilkenny, and Kilkenny city, is half a mile north of the town. A 

 fever hospital and military barracks are at Carlow. Carlow is a neat 

 and thriving town, situated in a rich country, and is the residence of 

 m.".ny respectable families. Fairs are held in May, June, August, and 

 November. Markets are held on Monday and Thursday. Grain and 

 butter are exported to Dublin and Waterford to a considerable 

 amount. Several flour-mills and malt-houses are in the vicinity. 



(Ryan, History of the County of Carlow; Thorn, 7rtA Almanac; 

 Parliamentary Reports and Papers ; Original Communications.} 



CARLSBAD, a royal town, celebrated for its mineral waters, is 

 situated on the Tepl, in the circle of Ellbogen in Bohemia, in 50 13' 

 N. lat., 12 52' E. long., and has a permanent population of about 

 3000. The warm spring called the Sprudel, to which it is indebted 

 for its celebrity, was first brought into notice in 1370, when 

 Charles IV., as the tradition says, while following the chace in ita 

 vicinity was attracted to the spot by the cries of a hound that had 

 fallen into the hot spring in pursuit of a stag. Charles's physician, 

 Bier, was one of the party, and formed so high an opinion of the 

 virtues of the water, that he recommended his royal master to use it 

 for the cure of wounds he had received at the battle of Crecy. The 

 result having established ita efficacy, Charles founded a free town on 

 the spot, settled the inhabitants of a neighbouring village upon it, 

 ordered baths to be opened, and gave it his own name. In the market- 

 place w a statue of Charles IV. 



Carlsbud is built in a deep narow valley, traversed by the Tepl, 

 which falls into the Eger just below the town, and is bounded on 

 every side by lofty heights of granite. The houses branch out into 

 three distinct ravines or lesser valleys. A more delightful scene 

 cannot be conceived than the prospects from the summit of the heights 

 that screen these dells. They are traversed in all directions by shady 

 walks provided with scats and summer-houses. The hot springs are 

 close to the banks of the Tepl. They emit a delicate vapour, which 

 constantly hangs over the town, and has a peculiar odour. The 

 Sprudel has a temperature of 165 Fahr. ; its water boils eggs hard, 

 nnd is used by the townspeople to scald poultry and pig. IU prin- 

 cipal chemical ingredients, which exist also in the. same propor- 

 tions in the other springs, are sulphate of soda, carbonate of soda, 

 common salt, bromine, and potash. About 2,000,000 gallons of water 

 flow from the springs in a day, two-thirds of which are furnished 

 by the Sprudel and Hygeia, The Muhlbrunneu has a temperature of 

 138, the Neubruunen 147, the Theresienbrunnen 132. There are 

 several other springs ; most of them are shaded by a covered colonnade, 

 under which the drinkers take the waters in the morning to the 'sound 

 of soft music.' The waters are used also for warm, mud, vapour, aud 

 douche baths. In 1838 a new fountain burst forth in the market-place 

 with a temperature of 1354. All the springs riee out of grauitic 

 bruccia ; and all of them have petrifying qualities. The Sprudel bursts 

 out of the breccia through a crust of ita own formation. 



Carlsbad is the most aristocratic watering-place in Europe. The 

 fashionable season is from June 15th to August 15th, but some 

 visitors remain to the end of September. The number of visitors 

 varies between 5000 and 6000. There are reading-rooms, restaurants, 

 several good shops, a theatre, and coffee-houses ; gaming is strictly 

 prohibited. Bohemian glass, china, earthen and pewter cups are 

 sold in large quantities. Every visitor who remains 5 days pays a 

 tax of 4 florins, which is laid out in keeping up and improving the 

 walks, baths, temples, colonnades, and other buildings connected with 

 the springs. The arrival of distinguished strangers is announced by 

 trumpeters stationed on a tall tower near the market-place ; the nature 

 vtent of the flourish depend on the character of the equipage. 



CARLSKRONA, a fortified sea-port town, the capital of the pro- 

 vince (Lan) of Carlskrona in Sweden, is situated in 56 10' N. lat., 15 

 5' E. long., and has a population of about 12,000. It was founded in 

 1680 by Charles XI., who made it the station of the royal fleet and 

 the naval arsenal of Sweden. It is built chiefly on the island of 

 Trotso ; the rest of the town stands on smaller adjoining islands, the 

 whole being connected by bridges and by an embaukment with the 

 mainland. Its streets are wide and straight, but the ground on 

 which the town stands is uneven. The houses are commonly good, 

 though small ; many of them are built of stone and the rest of wood. 



The harbour, formed by a series of islands lying about three miles 

 distant from the continent, is spacious, safe, and convenient, and has 

 di.-pth enough for the largest men-of-war. There are three entrances : 



VI. DIV. VOL. II. 



the only one practicable for large vessels is on the south side of the 

 town, between the islands Aspo and Tjurko, and is defended by two 

 strong forts. The entrance to the west of it is called Asposund, which 

 may be entered by frigates, and still smaller vessels find admission 

 into the harbour by the east entrance, called Skallesund. 



The dry docks of this harbour have always attracted the attention 

 of foreigners. The old dock, built in the time of Charles XII., was 

 blasted out of the granite rock, and is 200 feet long by SO feet wide ; 

 it is deep enough for the largest vessels. The new dock, constructed 

 under Gustav III., is much more extensive, and consists of several 

 divisions for the building of different kinds of vessels ; it is likewise 

 cut in the granite. The other buildings are the arsenal, the artillery- 

 yard, and the admii-alty. The buildings and constructions connected 

 with the naval arsenal and dockyard are separated from the town by 

 a wall. The greatest inconvenience to which the inhabitants are 

 exposed is the want of good water. The manufactures, which, excepting 

 the naval equipments made in the royal arsenal, are unimportant, 

 comprise linen, tobacco, and refined sugar; metals, potash, &c., are 

 exported. Steamboats between Stockholm and Carlshamn (a small 

 sea-port, 26 miles W. from Carlskrona, with a population of 4200) call 

 at Carlskrona. 



The province of Carlskrona has an area of 1130 square miles, and 

 had in 1845 a population of 102,342. 



CARLSRUHE (Karlsruhe), the capital of the grand duchy of Baden, 

 stands iu the circle of Mittel-Rhein, about 4 miles east of the Rhine, on 

 the railway between Mannheim and Bale, being 34 miles S. from the 

 former and 123 miles N.N.E. from the latter town : population, 

 24,000. It stands at an elevation of 372 feet abovu the level of the 

 sea and 50 feet above that of the Rhine, in 48 56' N. lat., 8 22' E. 

 long. Its origin was a hunting-seat built on the spot by Charles 

 William, margrave of Baden, in 1715. It is constructed in the form 

 of an extended fan, the grand ducal palace constituting the central 

 point, from which the streets and avenues diverge. The streets com- 

 mence from a semicircular row of handsome houses which fronts the 

 palace, and is called the Great Circle. The style of the houses is 

 various ; some are in the Dutch, some in the Fre..ch, and many in a 

 mixed Greek and Roman style. The palace is remarkable only for 

 ita tower called Eleythurm, which stands in its centre ; the right 

 wing of the edifice contains the public library of 90,000 volumes, a 

 collection of antiquities, coins, &c. ; and the left wing, the church of 

 the court. The view from the Bleythurm is splendid, comprehending 

 the whole city and the Hardt Forest, which nearly surrounds the 

 town, and is pierced by roads corresponding with the several streets ; 

 beyond this to the west are seen the Vofgcs Mountains and the wind- 

 ings of the Rhine, the Black Forest Mountains on the south, and 

 the Bergstrasse on the north. The Great Circle contains the 

 government offices, aud the palace of the Margrave Maximilian. 

 Carlsruhe has nine public squares, the finest of which is the market- 

 place. The stone-pyramid, with an inscription in memory of Charles 

 William the founder of the place, whose remains are inclosed iu it, 

 stands in the centre of the square. The new Protestant, the new 

 Catholic, and the garrison churches are handsome buildings. The 

 building for the Legislative Assembly is three stories high, and contains 

 two fine halls for the sittings of the two chambers, besides residences 

 for the president, officers, &c., and depositories for the archives and 

 papers. Among the important institutions of Calsruhe, to all which 

 are attached handsome buildings, are the museum, the mint and 

 offices of works, the academy of the arts and sciences, with a picture 

 gallery attached to it, the arsenal, polytechnic school, post-office, and 

 barracks. The town also possesses a botanical garden, a veterinary 

 school, four hospitals, a deaf and dumb asylum, aud other useful and 

 benevolent institutions. There is a theatre attached to the palace. 

 The inhabitants derive their livelihood principally from trade, mecha- 

 nical employments, and manufactures. The chief manufactures are 

 iilks, cottons, carpets, woollens, jewellery, tobacco, muff, leather, 

 carriages, and articles of luxury. The Palace Gardens and those 

 called Amaliensruhe are always open to the public, and afford plea- 

 sant promenades. There are also many attractive spots in the 

 neighbourhood. The town is supplied with water by an aqueduct 

 from the Durlach. [BADEN.] 



CAULSTADT. [CROATIA.] 



CARLTON, West Killing of Yorkshire., a township and the seat of 

 a Gilbert Poor-Law Incorporation, in the parish of Guiseley and upper 

 division of the wapentake of Skyrack. Carlton is situated in 63 53' 

 N. lat., 1 40' W. long. ; distant 2 miles S.E. from Otley, and 28 miles 

 W. by S. from York. The population of the township iu 1851 was 

 185, including 79 inmates of the workhouse. Carlton Gilbert Incor- 

 poration contains 40 parishes aud townships, with an area of 86,034 

 acres", and a population in 1851 of 68,610. 



CARLUKE. [LANARKSHIRE.] 



< 'ARMEL, a range of hills connected by a chain of lower hills with 

 the central mountains of Pal stine, runs in a north-west direction and 

 terminates abruptly in the sea in a bold promontory, which is called 

 Mount Carmel, aud forms the southern extremity of the Bay of Acre. 

 The range rises rapidly from the coast to the height of about 1500 

 feet, and its whole length is about 18 miles. It separates the great 

 plain of Philistia from the plain of Esdraelon and the coast of 

 Phoenicia. It is composed of limestone, and was formerly noted for 



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