341 



CARNEW. 



CAROLINA, NORTH. 



312 



220 miles, and falls into the sea near Sadras, in 12 81' N. lat., and 

 80 14' E. long. The Colerun as above mentioned is a branch of the 

 Cavery. The Vaygaru rises in the highlands to the south of Mysore, 

 flows with a tolerably direct course south-east past Madura, and falls 

 into the sea about 20 miles south of Tondi, in 9 25' N. lat., and 

 79 5' E. long. During its course the waters of this river are much 

 employed for irrigation, and near its mouth there is a large tank, by 

 which it is in great part absorbed : its channel is partially dry during 

 some months in the year. 



The lowlands are chiefly devoted to the cultivation of rice, and their 

 rent depends upon the facility with which they can be irrigated. 

 There are four harvests in the year, two of which are raised upon the 

 same ground. The increase in ordinary seasons is usually for the 

 first crop fifty-fold, for the second and third each forty-fold, and for 

 the last from twenty to thirty-fold of the seed, the proportion sown 

 being about ten bushels to the English acre. The high grounds 

 which cannot be watered are principally employed for raising different 

 descriptions of millet and a few leguminous plants. Sugar and indigo 

 are cultivated to a small extent, and cotton in some situations grows 

 luxuriantly. 



The great bulk of the inhabitants of the Carnntic are Hindoos. A 

 great part of the land is rented by Brahmins, who employ labourers 

 of the inferior castes. The most numerous class of cultivators is that 

 of Sudras, many of whom perform all the operations of the farm with 

 their own hands. 



The first invasion of the Carnatic on the part of the Mohammedans 

 was in the year 1310, when the Hindoo sovereign was made tributary 

 Mogul emperor. In 1717 Nizam-ul-Mulk obtained independent 

 possession of the south of India, and the dependence of the Carnatic 

 upon the throne of Delhi ceased. On the death of the Nabob of the 

 Carnatic in 1749 the succession was disputed by Chunda Saheb and 

 Mohammed Ali, more commonly called Walla-jah. Walla-jah was 

 supported by the English, and through their exertions was established 

 as Nabob of the Carnatic. Walla-jah was retained by the English as a 

 subsidiary ally until his death, which occurred in 1795, when he was 

 succeeded by hit son, Oomdut-ul-Omrah. In 1801 the civil and 

 military government of the Carnatic was transferred to the East India 

 Company by the Nabob Azim-ul-Omrah, upon the Company engaging 

 to pay him annually one-fifth of the net revenue of the country, and 

 providing for the principal officers of his government. [AHCOT.] In 

 every part of the province there were formerly numerous fortresses. 

 Many of the forts have crumbled to pieces, and those still visible are 

 fast falling to decay, while the towns and villages have multiplied in 

 number and increased in extent. 



(Rennell, Memoir of a Map of Hindustan ; Heyne, ffalorical and 

 Statittieal Tractt on India ; Mill, Hittory of Brititli India ; Reporti of 

 Commiiteet of Jloute of Cum mom on the Affairt of India.) 



CARNEW. [WicKLOw.j 



CARNIC ALPS. [ALPS ; AUSTRIA : CARnrrHlA.] 



CARNIOLA. fKRAiu.] 



CARNLOUGH." [ANTRIH.] 



CAROLINA, NORTH, one of the United States of North America, 

 is bounded N. by the state of Virginia, W. by Tennessee, S. by Georgia 

 and South Carolina, and E. by the Atlantic Ocean. It lies be- 

 tween 33" 50' and 36 30' N. lat., 76 25' and 84 30' W. long. Its 

 extreme length from near the source of the Tennessee River to Cape 

 H itteras is 420 miles ; its extreme breadth in the eastern part is 180 

 miles, diminishing in the western part to only 20 miles. The area is 

 4fi,000 square miles. The total population in 1850 was 869,039, of 

 whom 563,023 were whites, 816,011 coloured persons, and 881 Indians. 

 The following table shows the increase of population and the propor- 

 tion of slaves in this state since 1820. The total population in 



1820 was 618,829, including 14,612 free col. persons and 295,017 slaves. 



18SO 77,97, 1,*43 235,801 



1S40 753,419, S1.73J 245,817 



18SO 869,039, 27,46* 288,548 



The federal representative population in 1850 was 758,619, in which 

 number three-fifths of the slaves are included. This entitles the 

 state to send eight representatives to Congress. To the Senate, like 

 each of the other United States, North Carolina sends two members. 



Coait-line, Surface. The coast runs from the borders of South 

 Carolina nearly east to Cape Fear, and thence in a generally east- 

 north-east direction to Cape Hatteras, and thence nearly due north 

 to the borders of Vir^nnia. It exhibits a very peculiar character. 

 Besides Cape Hatteras it has two other projecting points. Cape Look- 

 out and Cape Fear, which latter is on an island about eight miles in 

 length and from one to three miles in width, called Smith's Island. 

 By these three capes two open bays are formed, Onslow Bay and 

 Raleigh Bay. Near Cape Fear is a deep inlet formed by the mouth 

 of the Cape Fear River ; but along the whole shore of Onslow Bay, 

 an extent of lan miles, the flat coast is lined by low barren sandy 

 islands, or mor- properly sand-banks, extending parallel to the shore 

 at a distance of about a mile, the islands themselves being from half 

 a mile to a mile wide. This series of islands is traversed by several 

 inlets, which are not navigable, except New Inlet by Smith's Island 

 and Bogue Inlet in Onslow Bay, and these are practicable only for 

 small vessels. From the islands extensive shoals extend far into the 

 e and with the furious gales which prevail greatly increase the 



dangerous character of the coast navigation. From Cape Hatteras 

 the shoal extends farther than from any other point, and the vicinity 

 of this cape is consequently especially dreaded by the mariner, being 

 generally regarded as the most dangerous part of the coast of the 

 United States. Near Cape Lookout, and between it and Cape Hat- 

 teras, the same character of coast continues, except that the islands 

 are not so frequently broken by inlets, but continue in one place forty 

 or fifty miles and upwards. The islands are also broader, measuring 

 from one to two miles in width. But though along this coast the 

 sandy islands extend in straight lines, the shores of the mainland 

 behind them are broken by numerous arms of the sea which penetrate 

 to a considerable distance inland, and which like the outer sea have 

 numerous shoals. There are also two extensive sounds, Pamlico and 

 Albemarle sounds. Pamlico Sound extends from south-west by west 

 to north-east by east 70 miles, with a mean breadth of 15 miles, and 

 terminates inland in the wide bays of the Neuse and Pamlico rivers. 

 It is connected on the north-east with Albeinarle Sound, and opens 

 into Raleigh Bay by Ocracock Inlet, which may be considered as the 

 mouth of the souu I, and has 14 feet of water at mean and only six 

 feet at low tide. Albemarle Sound runs due west into the mainland 

 about 60 miles by 10 miles in width ; but it sends off lateral branches, 

 especially to the north, which run from 12 to 15 miles inland. Albe- 

 marle Sound has no practicable connection with the ocean. Extending 

 northward from the mouth of Albemarle Sound is Currituck Sound, 

 which is 50 miles long and from 2 to 10 miles wide. The peculiar 

 character of the coast of North Carolina deprives it of good harbours, 

 though there are several large rivers. Cape Fear, with 18 feet of 

 water, is the deepest inlet tliat the state possesses. 



The surface of North Carolina presents three well-marked natural 

 divisions. The western portion, which is somewhat more than one- 

 fourth of its surface, lies in the Alleghany or Appalachian Mountains 

 [ALLEOHANY MOUNTAINS], and is traversed by several of its ridges. 

 To the east of them extends the higher terrace, or the hilly country, 

 which occupies a little more than one-fourth of its surface. Between 

 this region and the coast spreads the lower terrace, or the level 

 country, which comprehends nearly one-half of the state. The 

 boundary-line between the two terraces begins on the north at the 

 Mundford Falls of the river Roanoke above Halifax, and extends 

 south-south-west to Smithfield on the Neuse, and to Averysborough 

 on Cape Fear River, and terminates on the river Pedee between 

 Rockingham and Sneadsborough. 



The low country, stretching from 100 to 140 miles inland from the 

 coast, exhibits two different aspects. Along the shore it is partly 

 covered with extensive swamps and marshes, and traversed by muddy 

 sluggish rivers. These swamps are said to cover an area equal to that 

 of one-tenth of the whole state. The largest of the swamps are near 

 AHiemarle and Pamlico sounds. Between these sounds is the Alligator 

 or Little Dismal Swamp, which is of little less extent than the Great 

 Dismal Swamp, which lies to the north of Albemarle Sound and 

 stretches into Virginia, and is 30 miles long and from 1 to 12 miles 

 wide. In the centre of it is Drummond Lake, 30 miles in circuit. 

 The swamps south of the Neuse River are of less extent, though 

 several of them are from 15 to 20 miles in diameter. The principal 

 are Dover, Holly, Shelter, and Green swamps. These swamps are the 

 result of the tidea and partly also of land floods j and may be com- 

 pared to the Sunderbunds in the delta of the Gauges. They are 

 mostly covered with high trees, especially cypresses, cedars, and pines : 

 but are in parts covered with an almost impervious growth of tall 

 rank grass and herbage. The soil of the swamps is generally a soft 

 bog, and is covered knee-deep with water. The dry tracts of land 

 which intersect the swamps and the parts which have been drained 

 have in general a good soil, and much rice and cotton is raised on 

 them. Between the swampy country and the hilly region extenus, 

 in breadth 40 miles and upwards, a tract of sandy land which is 

 mostly level ; but in some places there are hills 200 feet above the 

 adjacent country. The soil is sterile and the surface overgrown with 

 pine forests. The rivers have a much quicker course than through 

 the marshy country, aud along their banks the soil is better, and the 

 pines are replaced by oak, hickory, maple, beech, &c. This part of 

 the counti-y is only cultivated on the river-bottoms. 



The upper terrace, or hilly country, lying between the pine lands 

 and the mountains, is at a mean several hundred feet above the sea, 

 and presents an agreeable succession of moderate bills with gentle 

 ascents, and of wide and extensive valleys. The soil of the val.eys is 

 good, consisting of a black and fertile mould, and yields rich crops of 

 grain. 



That portion of North Carolina which is within the Alleghany 

 Mountains is an agreeable alternation of hills and valleys. The moun- 

 tains form two ridges, of which the west is called the Iron Mountains 

 (and part of it also the Stone and another part the Smoky Mountains) 

 and the east the Blue Ridge. Both are united at several places by 

 short intermediate ridges. The highest summit is Black Mountain, 

 the, loftiest summit of the Alleghanies, which attains an elevation of 

 6426 feet. Roan Mountain is 6038 feet, Grandfather Mountain 5556 

 feet, and Table Mountain 3420 feet above the level of the sea. The 

 Ararat or Pilot Mountain, east of the Blue Ridge, and about 16 miles 

 N. from Salem, is a solitary pyramidal hill rising from a comparative 

 level 1550 feet high ; from the summit rises an almost perpendicular 



