CAROLINA, sorm 



CAROLINA. SOUTH. 



... . ..,, 



poMrion of site on th. Roanok*. in J.me 1585. 

 r suffered *o much from the b. 



la lluu and from scarcity of provision*, that after a tint* they became 

 tiwouraged and re-embarked for Rngland July 87th 1586. A ship 

 which had been wot in them with supply of provision, arrived a few 

 day* ifter their depart nr*. and Mr Richard Onnviile with three other 

 hip* *ent oat by Raleigh arrived a fortnight later. Orenvill,- 1 ft 1.'. 

 en with provWoo* for two yean to maintain the settlement Raleigh, 

 a* *ooa a* new* of tit* abandonment of the colony by the original settlen 

 arrived, sent out another colony, which landed on the Roanoke in 

 July 1587, bat found no other trace* of the men whom Orenville had 

 left there than a few human bone* scattered on the beach. The 

 governor returned to England for direction* a* well as for further 

 applies, leaving about 100 person, at th* settlement He was unable 

 to revMt the Roanok* till 1590, when he found the site of the nettle- 

 raent lnoloe*it by a strong paluwde. bat no inhabitant* remained. 

 Their fate was never ascertained ; but there i* little doubt that they 

 like the earlier wttlen fell victim* to the Indian*. The flirt perms- 

 eUluujent was made in 1650 by some white* from Virginia. 

 r ether uMleuiuiU the colony received a repivRentative govern- 

 t in 1467, two yean after which the constitution called ' Locke's 

 me of Government' was tried but soon abandoned. [CAROLINA. 

 Boom] The present con*titution waa adopted in 1776, and 



nded in 1885. 



(Colton, SltUiftieal Gazetteer of the United Statet ; Darby, Viev of 

 tit I'nited fHairt ; American Almanae ; State Reportt ; Lyell, Eltmruti 

 of Otology* <"<* Trarelt in \orlh Amrrica.) 



CAROLINA. SOUTH, one of the United States of North America, 

 is bounded K. by the Atlantic Ocean for 240 miles; N.K. and 

 N. by the state of North Carolina for 300 miles ; and S.W. by the 

 Savannah River, which divides it from the state of Georgia, for 

 2 miles. It lies between 82 4' and 85* 12' N. 1st., 78 25' and 

 85* 10' W. long. It* length from north to south on the meridian of 

 the Sarannah River is 268 mile* ; it* width from the head of Tuguloo 

 River on the west to the mouth of Little Kivcr on th-j eart is 268 

 milea. The area is 24,500 square miles. The total population in 

 1850 waa 668,507. of wh >m 274,567 were whites, and 893,940 coloured 

 persons. The following taMe shows the increaw of the free and 

 slave population since 1820. The total population in 



1150 wm> iii.'.Ml, Including 0.7J6 Ore col. prnoni and 218.475 lam. 

 HSO 111, IIS, 7.9J1 SIS. 401 



114* S94.SM, I,i71 S17.0J8 



UM ,. MI.M7, l,95 8I4,I4 



The federal representative population in 1850 was 514,513, in which 

 number three-fifths of tb-> slares are included. This entitles the state 

 rn six representatives to Congres*. To the Senate, like each of 

 the other United State*. South Carolina sends two members. 



Court-Line, Surface, The general direction of the coast of South 

 Carolina is north-east and south-west. The northern portion of it, 

 fp>m the month of Little River, the boundary of North Carolina, to 

 Winyaw Point forms an unbroken line of low sandy shore. South of 

 that oape the shores, though low, are divided by a great number of 

 inlet*, which are the months of larger and smaller rivers, that generally 

 divide into several branches before entering the Atlantic Ocean, and 

 by their numerou* channels cut the shores into islands, the surface of 

 which is very little elevated above high tides. The principal of these 

 island* are James's, John's, Edisto, 8t Helena, Port Royal, and 

 Hilton island*. Them islands are covered with forests of live oak, 

 pine, and palniettneft, and yield the black-seed or sea-island cotton. 

 Formerly these islands were the haunts of alligators which swarmed 

 in the inlet*, and were covered with dense woods and rank herbage, 

 nearly impenetrable to man. Now they are under cultivation and 

 well peopled. Long sand beaches border the islands, and are the 

 resort of thousands of sea-fowl. The line of coast, though generally 

 uniform a* to course from point to point, is very irregularly in i 

 The inlet* dividing the island* as well as the rivers are comparatively 

 Y*ry shallow, but the rivers In every instance are deeper within than 

 at their bars. In two point* only can the coast be approached by 

 \uVn~A*. One place is Charleston Harbour, which is form .1 l.y 

 the jnnction of two small men, the Cooper and Ahley, the channel 

 of which admit* Tamil of 18 feet draught The other is George 

 Town at the h*ad of Winyaw Bay, which admits vessels of 11 feet 

 draught Port Royal entrance, formed by the Broad River, the 

 common wstaary of tome little creeks into which the tide ascends to 

 eonckUrabU diaUnce. also admit* vessels drawing 10 or 11 feet of 



r ; and on one of the numerous inlets which wind through the 

 labyrinth of creek, and island* with which this portion of the coast 

 is chequered, i* situated the port of Beaufort, which ls spacious, but 

 doe* not admit VMM!* so large a* those which enter Charleston 

 Harbour ; th* ptan moreover <* very unhealthy and few venae!* enter 

 the port He Helena Sound i* nearly 8 mile* wide, and run* 10 or 

 12 mile* inland, bat it i* far too ahallow and too much beset with 

 shoal* to admit TS*M|* of even moderate tonnage. Btone Inlet ha* 

 B or 10 feet of water, but i* seldom used. 



Sooth Carotin*, like North Carolina, exhibit* thrv different 

 The most w**tiu districts are covered with ridges of m<mn- 

 i and hills which belong to the Allegheny system. East of thin 

 i th* hilly country, which i* followed by a low 



plain that upreadu over the eastern districts of th* state to th* ocean. 

 Bat the proportion of th* irarfao* belonging to each of the** region* 

 differs coo. i, lrrml.lv from that of North Carolina. The low (.lain 

 comprehends little more than one-fourth of the whole, anil the 

 remainder is almost equally divided between the other two region*. 

 The line which pirate* the plain from the hilly ration pane* from 

 Sn**dsboroiuih in North Carolina to Camden on the U uteree, and 

 thence to Columbia on th* Congaree, or to the junction of the 

 Saluda and Broad rivers, and terminates on the Savannah at Augusta. 



The plain along the sea-dhore, which extend* from 80 to 100 mile* 

 inland, is a uniform level At it* western border it ha* an imper- 

 ceptible accent to about 800 fact above the sea. The soil, wlii.-h on 

 the arrival of the European* was covered with tree*, but in now 

 nearly devoid of them, U in general barren, consisting either of rand 

 or a fight blaoklsh earth ; but it i* intersected, specially along the 

 riven, by fertile tracts which yield rich crops, especially of rice. A 

 portion is covered with numerous swamps and uionuuea, which though 

 not so extensive as in North Carolina, cover an area of 2000 square 

 inil'' ; they are overgrown with heavy timber, such as oak, nth, and 

 ojpiess. On one side of all tho riven, and generally on both, the 

 margin i* a swamp from half a mile to three mile* in breadth. 



To the Wfst of this plain stretches a chain of aandy hill- from 20 

 to 40 milea in breadth, beginning at the upper course of the river 

 Pedee in North Carolina, and extending across the state to the banks 

 of the Savannah. This tract, known a* the ' Middle Country,' pro- 

 duces nothing but small pine-trees and some shrubs, except in the 

 narrow valleys, to which the vegetable mould has been carried I 

 rains, and which are very fertile. Some of the sand hills are 200 feet 

 above the adjacent valleys. In this region the riven form rapids. 

 Thu country farther west, known as the ' Ridge,' rise aomruh:vt pre- 

 cipitously from the Middle Country ; it is agreeably brnkrn ii.i . hill 

 and dale, and loose stone* and rocks frequently occur on it* surface. 

 But the valleys and the lower declivities of the hills have a fertile 

 black soil which produce* good crops of grain. The more elevated 

 parta of the hills are covered with oak and other hard trees. The 

 hilly country gradually rises into mountains, which at the western 

 extremity of the state attain a considerable height, the Table Rock in 

 I', ii.l'.-ton being 4000 feet above the sea. The country between the 

 ridves and mountains may at a mean rise to 1500 feet above the sea. 

 The soil is thought not to be inferior to that of thu hilly tract, even 

 the greatest part of the heights being covered with till trees of hard 

 wood. When it is cultivated it yields good crops of corn. 



Hydrography, Communications. South Carolina is very well 

 watered, its riven being numerous, and some of considerable length. 

 But though their volume of water is considerable, and of great value 

 for mechanical power, only two of them are fit for navigation in 

 tli. ir lower country, and even these only for small river boats, OB 

 account of their slmllowness. But as the tide ascends to the sand- 

 hills their navigation is easy. Higher up numerous rapi.ln render the 

 transport of goods tedious, difficult, and expensive. The principal 

 riven are the Pedee, the Santee, and the Savannah. 



The Pedtt, usually called the Oreat Pedee, rises in the Blue Ridge 

 in North Carolina, 86 N. lat and between 81 and 82 W. long., and 

 is fint called the Yndkin. It flows first north-east by east an<l then 

 turns abruptly to south-south-east, in which direction it traverses the 

 gold region of North Carolina. In South Carolina it continues in 

 the same direction till its junction with the Little Pedee, whence it 

 flows south-south-west to the port of Georgetown, at which place it is 

 called Winyaw Bay, and forms a wide ic.ttiutry. It is navigable for 200 

 miles by river-boat* of 60 tons burden. The Little Ptdet rise* in North 

 Carolina ; from its en trance into South Carolina it flows south-east to its 

 confluence with the Lumber River, which issues from the rrmrsh district 

 of North Carolina, when it turns to the south-west, but some distance 

 lower again turns south-east to its junction with the Great Pedee 32 

 miles above Winyaw Bay. The Great Pedee is joined by several other 

 tributaries in it* course through this state, of which perhaps the most 

 important i* Lynch' i (V<r/-, wlm-h after a generally south-south-eastern 

 course of 125 miles from it rise in North Carolina falls into the Ore** 

 Pedee on the right bank, about 30 mile* higher than the Little Fade*. 

 Lynch's Creek is navigable by boats for about 60 miles. The Kantet 

 is' formed by two great branches, the Wateree and the Congaree. The 

 Watered rises in North Carolina, a little we*t-*outh-we*t of the source 

 of tho Yadkin. and is there called Catanba. It run* fint east, and 

 then south-south-east, in which direction it continues through 

 Carolina to it* junction with the Congaree, having flowed more than 

 l.">n mill-*. It i navigable for boats of 70 tons burden to Camden, above 

 which town are the Catewba Falls, where the river in a mile and a half 

 descend* 90 feet ; but aa the fall* may now be avoided by a cmml cut 

 along the river, called the Wateree Canal, it may be ascended much 

 higher, at leant by river-boat*. The Conyaret, the other great branch 

 of the Santee, is formed by the confluence of two river*, the Broad 

 River which rise* in North Carolina, and the Saluda which take* it* 

 origin near the Table Kock, i:i the moat western portion of South 

 Carolina. By their junction near Columbia tho Congaree is formed, 

 and to this point vessels of 70 tons burden may ascend. The Congare*, 

 miming in a curve to the sou U. -cast, united with the Watoree, from 

 which point the river i* called Santee. It flows fint south-east, and 

 then torn* by degree* to the east and is navigable fur large barge* 



