

UXA, SOfTH. 



UNA, SOUTH. 



fHales ar* grown in South Carolina. The nu-.-ar-cane it only grown 

 with advantage in the Beaufort ditri.t, which form* th most 

 southern |*rt of thr state. The fruiu at the aea-coast are UIOM of 

 UK- outt.tm countries of Europe - onmgM, lemons, pomegranate, 

 olive*, and fig*. In the upper country all the gntini and vegetable* 

 ct England an grown, with maiie in addition. The fruit* are also 

 nion in thU country. Tobaooo, indigo, and hemp ware 

 product*, and tobacco it Hill grown very largely. Hope, 

 Ac., are al*o cultivated. Among the wild plant* the gin- 

 seng, grotian-root, and wax myrtle may be noticed. The forests 

 contain many fine tim>>er-treea, especially oak, beech, and hickory. 



On Jane SOth 1850 there wen in the i-tate 29,009 farms tinder 

 cultivation. The improved farm-land* amounted to 4,072.051 acre*, 

 unimproved bu.d* 11145,049 acre*. Tallied together at 82.4S1.684 

 dollar*. The principal grain crop* in 1850 were, in buahelt: Wheat 

 1,066,277, rye 43.790, maize 18.561,454. and oat* 2.322,165. The rice 

 raited in the tame year amounted to 159,930,613 Ibis. ; pea* and bean*, 

 1.026,900 l.unheU; potatoes, 186,494 buhel", and iweet potatoes, 

 4.337.469 butbeli; cugar, 071.800 lb. ; cotton, 132,398,400 Ib*., 

 being an increase of 70,686,126 Ibs. orer the cotton raised in 1840 , 

 tobacco, 74,886 Ib*. ; bay, 20,295 ton*; wine, 6880 gallon*. 



The domestic animal* are tboce of Europe ; black cattle are the 

 matt abundant Many of the wild animal* with which the country 

 formerly abounded bare disappeared ; but itill there are found in the 

 mountainop* district*, and even in tome part* of the lower country, 

 deer, bean, wolve*, wild cat*, foxes, squirrel*, rabbit*, racoon*, opos- 

 sums, and polecat*. The wild turkey is pretty common in the upper 

 country, and the wild pigeon* come at certain season* in gnat 

 iiunit <TK. Several kindi of serpent* are known, among which is the 

 rattlesnake ; but they become continually leu numerous. Alligators 

 abound near the bead of tide-water in the riven, and grow to a 

 great size. 



In 1850 there were in the state 97,171 horses; 37,483 mule* and 

 a*tet; 193,244 milch cows, and 684,439 other cattle ; 286,561 sheep, 

 and 1,065,503 swine. The product* of animal* amounted to : Wool, 

 487,233 Ib*. ; butter, 2,981,850 Ib*. ; cheese, 4970 Ib*. The value of 

 animal* alaughtered during the year was 1,302,637 dollar*. 



J/mvfacitirrt and Commerce. The manufactures are chiefly such as 

 are required in an agricultural country. The number of manu- 

 facturing establishment* in operation on the SOth of June 1850, and 

 j-rodmiug to the annual value of 500 dollar* and upwards wait 1473, 

 of which U'7 were in Edgefield district, 156 in Abbeville, and 141 in 

 Lauren*. Of these establishments 18 were cotton factoric*, employing 

 919 persons ; 91 tanneries employing 264 persona ; and 6 iron worka 

 employing 155 persona; the iron manufacture is confined to that of 



' ' 



The commerce of South Carolina is very considerable, and chiefly 

 centres in CHARLESTON. The exports consist of cotton, rice, tobacco, 

 myrtle-wax, and hide* ; and the imports of manufactured good's and 

 the production* of the Boat and West Indies, with wines from the 

 countries of Southern Europe. Both the exports and import* are 

 < l:i. fly made through the port of New York, BO that the South 

 Carolina trade is chiefly coasting. The railway* which centre in 

 Charleston, and the extensive inland navigation greatly facilitate the 

 commerce of the state. The value of the exports in 1852 wo* 

 11,670,021 dollar*, the whole of which consisted of the produce of tho 

 state. The imports amounted to 2,175,614 dollar* 1,742,492 dollars 

 in American and 433,122 dollars in foreign ship*. The exports in 1851 

 were 15,316,678 dollars, the imports 2,081,312 dollar*. The number 

 of abiris which entered in 1 850 was 305 of 96,91 6 tons burden ; cleared 

 375 of 126,052 tons. The total amount of shipping owned in the 

 state wa* 36,072 tons, of which 7455 ton* were propelled l.y 

 



'<!. Tomu, <te. South Carolina i* divided into 29 district*. 

 The principal town in the state is CHARLESTON, which will be noticed 

 in a separate article ; the capital i* Columbia, which with some of 

 the other niore important town* we notice here: the population is 

 that of 1850. 



Columbia, the capital, i* situated on the left bank of the Congarce, 

 immediately below the confluence of the Saltida and Broad rivers, in 

 67' N. lat. 81* 7' W. long. : population, 6060. The town, which 

 stands on an elevated plain, was laid out in 1787 on a rectangular 

 plan, the street* being 100 feet wide. The principal buildings are 

 UM State bouse, which is 170 feet long and 60 feet wid-, the diti-ict 

 building*, the churches, market-house, bank*, academic*, a state lunat.i.- 

 asylum, and a Jail. The building, of Columbia College are extensive 

 bat of no great architectural merit : one of them is an observatory 

 well supplied with instrument*. There are two theological institutions 

 ill the town. The dwelling-house* are mostly of wood, but many are 

 of brick The town i* well supplied with pure water ; and is con- 

 attend to be very healthy. A good deal of trade ia carried on : the river 

 U navigable up to the town forboateof light draught ; the Columbia 

 Branch, the Charlotte and South Carolina, and the Greenville and 

 Columbia railway* meet in the town ; and the surrounding country 

 i a highly cultivated corn and cotton district Five newspaper* are 

 I'lihlitbM bre. 



Oamdm, on the left bank of the Water** River, 81 miles N.E. from 

 Colombia, population about 1100, i* the capital of Kerabaw district 



and contain* the usual district buildings, several churches, a masonic 

 hall, a library, aud an arsenal. The river i* navigable for bouts of 

 70 ton*, and the commerce of the place i* further facilitated by the 

 Camdeu Branch of the South Carolina railway. Some manufacture* 

 are carried on. Cam ten ia noted a* the scene' of two engagement* in 

 the war of inde]>endence ; and the meet conspicuous ornament of the 

 town is a white marble memorial of Baron dc Kalb of revolutionary 

 celebrity, the foundation of which was laid by Lafayette in 1825. 

 Edgtfeld is the capital and stands near the centre of Kdgefield 

 district, 04 mile* W.S.W. from Columbia: population 

 contains a court-bouse, and the other usual dint rid building*, and 

 three or four churches ; and has a good local trade. Gtorge Tovn, the 

 capital of the district of the same name, stands at the upper end 

 and on the west side of Winyaw Bay : population, 2904. It is the 

 next and indeed only other port of any consequence in the state 

 after Charleston, but ha* comparatively little foreign commerce, 

 though a good coasting-trade. The entrances in 1850 were 2 foreign 

 Teasels of 297 tons, the clearance* to foreign countries 24 vessels of 

 3685 ton*. The vessels of the district, mainly engaged in the. coasting- 

 trade, amounted to 2779 ton*. Steamer* ply regularly between 

 Georga Town and Charleston. The harbour admit* vessels drawing 

 11 feet of water. The principal buildings are the court-house, jail, 

 and six churches. Grtenrlllt, population 1305, the capital of Green- 

 ville district, btands near the (source of theReedy liiver.one of the upper 

 affluents of the aluda, 106 miles N.W. from Columbia ; it contain* 

 the court-house, jail, market-house, four churches, and two academies. 

 Hamburg, 73 miles W.S.W. from Columbia, stands on the left bank 

 of the Savannah, opposite to Augusta (Georgia), with which it is 

 connected by a bridge 1000 feet long, and n railway viaduct : popu- 

 lation about 2600. Hamburg consists of a lower town which lies 

 by the river and contains the business houses, and an upper town 

 which stands back from and 60 or 70 feet above the lower town. 

 Hamburg is an important cotton mart, and has a large interior trade. 

 Steam-boats ply regularly to the town, and the South Carolina and 

 the Georgia railways connect here, tiewbcrry, the capital of tb 

 Newbcrry district, is on the line of the Greenville and Columbia 

 railway, 47 miles \V.N.\V. from Columbia: population, 1250. It 

 contains the court-bouse, jail, fix churches, and two academies ; aud 

 is a wealthy and flourishing place. \\'inn*l>orough, the capital of 

 Ki'irfield district, on the Charlotte and South Carolina railway, 24 

 miles N. by W. from C. lumbiu : population, 1050. The town stands 

 on an elevated and healthy site ; and contains the district buildings, 

 which ore of a superior character, five churches, and four academies. 

 A liaptist theological seminary, consisting of four handsome granite 

 buildings, is in the vicinity. 



Government, Judiciary, <tc. The legislative body is composed of a 

 Senate aud a House of Representatives. The senators, 45 in number, 

 ore elected by district* and by ballot for the term of four years ; but 

 half the number vacate their seats every two years. The ivpresenta- 

 tiv.H, 124 in number, are chosen for two years. Every free white. 

 male citizen 21 years of age paying taxes, or Laving a certain freehold 

 qualification, aud having resided in the state for two years, has a vote, 

 in the election. The executive power is v. sted in a governor elected 

 by the joint vote of the legislature fur two years, being the only 

 governor of a state who is not elected by the people : hi* salary in 

 600 dollars a year, aud house-rent 



The revenue of the state for the year ending September 30, 

 was 739,696 dollars; the ex|>enditure was 369,913 dollars. The 

 absolute debt of the state was 1,914,433 dollars, and tho com '. 

 debt 1,051,422 dollars. The total property of the state was 5,240,407 

 dollars. 



The militia consisted in 1850 of 55,209 men, of whom 2591 were 

 commissioned officers. 



The judiciary consist* of law and equity courts of appeals, court* 

 for correction of errors, and court* of common plea* and general 

 sessions, which take cognizance of all civil and criminal cases in which 

 white men are concerned. These court* are presided over by four 

 chancellors in equity and six judges of general sessions and com- 

 mon pleas, who are appointed by a joiut ballot of both house*, aud 

 hold their office during good behaviour, and each of whom has a 

 salary of 3000 dollars. For contracts under 20 dollars, magistrates' 

 court* have exclusive jurisdiction. For the trial of xlave* and free 

 people of colour for criminal offences, court* of magistrates and free- 

 holders have been established. 



In 1860 there were in the state, belonging to all denomination*, 

 1163 churches, which afforded accommodation for 458,930 persons. 



Of late years the instruction of the lower classes ha* been attended 

 to by the legislature. A turn of 40,561 dollars wa* appropriate! in 

 1850 to the maintenance of a free-school system ; and in that year 

 there were 1023 public schools, attended by 9122 scholars. The 

 children of the coloured people, comprising a considerable majority 

 ul' tin' rhildreu in tho state, are entirely destitute of education, the 

 law excluding them from all instruction. The education of the mid- 

 dling ninl limli'T classes is much better provided for than in the 

 neighbouring states. Tbe state college at Columbia enjoys consider- 

 able reputation : in 1853 it wa* attended by 120 atudeute. '. 

 are also a college in Charleston having 70 students, a state medical 

 college, three theological seminaries, aud two learned societies. 



