i-ABPEXTARIA. Ill l.F OF. 



CARRICK-ON-SUIR. 



run* betwfMi the Prulh utd the Serxth, Mid traverse* in southern 

 direction the Bukuwina anil Moldavia. 



Tbc principal passes iu the Eastern Carpathian* arc the Borgo 

 Pass, which cunneeU UM basin of UM S/auiw with the Bukowina and 

 the towna Buli-iU and Suoawa; UM Oymes Paan, leailiug from UM 

 ourre of the AluU into Mo-'davia ; the t'oua or Buun Paw south- 

 rat, the Tomoa Pan aouth. and the Tonburg Pa** aouth-weat of 

 KrvuUdt in southern Transylvania, which oooneet the town jiut 

 named with Wallacbia and Bukhara*; the RothenUii.rn Pas*, which 

 u traversed by the AluU and connect* Hcnnaniuudt with th Walla- 

 chian town of Itiranik ; and the Vulkhaii, over which the road from 

 Hatcnc in the vallry of the Sy 11. a feeder of the Maros, to the town 

 Crajova in Little Wallacbia, i* carried. 



To a height of between 3000 and 4000 feat the Carpathian* are very 

 gcneraUr cowed with foroeU ; higher up they prcernt bare precipi- 

 ton* rocks which frequently bare a pyramidal form. 



The Carpathian* an noapnti'd largely of tandatone diversified by 

 >|OartaoM deposits, clay-eUto, and beds of limestone; greensand 

 ooeora at rare intervals, and also manm of porphyry and hornblende. 

 Only an inconsiderable portion of the Carpathian* is of primitive 

 formation. Tatra Mountain and the ridges aouth of it are composed 

 of granite, gneiss, and mica-elate. The Foreat Mountains consist 

 almoat entirely of aandatone and elate, and contain only iron in abun- 

 dance and a aniall quantity of copper. The Transylvanian Mouu- 

 tain* are composed chiefly of mica and clay-slate with masses of 

 luagncaian limestone and syenite interspersed. Trachytic rocks occur 

 in the northern part of the Eastern Carpathians between Munkacz 

 and Keustadt. Mount Button, in the south-east of Transylvania and" 

 near the point where the Carpathians turn westward along the north 

 ' Wallachia, U of volcanic origin ; its flanks are covered with sul- 

 phurous deposits. 



The Carpathian Mountains are richer ill meUU than any other 

 mountain system of Europe. Gold and silver are got from the 

 mountains which surround the valley of the river Gran, at Bocza, 

 Kremnitz, Konigsberg, and Schemnitz. Copper is very abundant, and 

 occurs in numerous places between the Gran and Heruad. Lead is 

 found in great abundance in all the silver mines, and also in other 

 places. Iron occurs over the whole system, but more especially in 

 the Foreat Mountains, and is worked with great advantage iu many 

 places. Quicksilver, sine, antimony, arsenic, and cobalt arc also 

 extracted, and some of them iu considerable quantity. Opals, chal- 

 cedonies, gurnets, and other precious stones are found in the district 

 of Scboroeh, to the north i>f Eperiea, in the valley of the Hcrnad, 

 and also near Tokay, Kremnitz, mid Kaschau. 



Perhaps in no part of the globe is there such an extensive salt-rock 

 formation as that which lies on the lower declivity of the north and 

 north -east desoeiitofthCarp<ithuiuMouotains,~begiun ing at the town of 

 Wielirzka, south-east of Cracow, and extending round the chain east 

 and sonth-eait to the boundary of Walhtohia ; its length cannot fall 

 short of 600 miles ; in width it varies very much. Its depth is con- 

 jectured to be upwards of 120 fathoms, at least this is the depth at 

 Wieliczka and Bochuia, the only two places where it is worked by 

 the Au-trisn government But in many other places salt is obtained 

 by boiling the water of salt-springs. 



CARPEXTA1UA. GULF OF. [AUSTRALIA.] 



CABPEXTitAS. [VACCICSE.] 



CAKRA'U A, a town and territory of ItiUy, with the title of princi- 

 pality, i* annexed to the neighbouring duchy of Mtuta, both of which 

 belong to the Duke of Modena. The total area of the province of Mogga- 

 Camra is 245 square miles, and tho population in 1850 was 56,867. 

 The territory of Carrara consists of about 80 square miles, mostly 

 mountainous, but well cultivated, and with a population of 11,500 

 inhabitants. It u bounded N. by the territory of Fivizzano, which 

 brloogi to Tuscany, E. by the duchy of Massa, S. and 8.W. by the 

 Mediterranean, and W. and N. W. by the province of Lun^iana, 

 which partly belongs to Sardinia and partly to Modena. It ex- 

 tends in length about eight miles from the sea, to the summit of 

 the Monte Sagro, N.E. from the town of Carrara. The Monte Sagro 

 U 5540 feet high, being one of the principal summita of tho Alpe 

 Aptuaa, a Kroup of the Ligurian Apennines. From the south side of 

 this mountain several lower projections or buttresses extend to the 

 south-west, being MDWtted from each other by n-irrow valleys, drained 

 by small stn*iu*. all of which unite near the town of Carrara, and 



.rm Uie Can-one, which flows past Avenza into tJe sea, about three 

 mil*, below Lamw. These lower ridges furnish the well-known 

 white msrblc of Carrara. There are more than a hundred different 

 quamea of marble of various qualities, some of which is streaked with 

 purple or blue, and is called Bardiglio. Some of these quarries were 

 worked in the time of the Romans. In the time of Augustus the 

 marble* of Luna (for so they were called from the town of Luna the 

 nuns of which are seen about six miles RW. from Carrara) wen 

 mployed in the buildings of Rome (Strabo, p. 22, Casaub.) ; but the 

 finer sort, for statues, was discovered about the time of I'liny, when 

 it was substituted by the sculptors at Borne for the marbles of Pane 

 ai.d PenUlicu*. AfUr the Call of the empire th- quarries lay neglected 

 till the 12th century, when, the republic of Pisa having taken pos- 

 MssJon of this district, the works were resumed and furnished the 

 marble for the school of Kiooolo PiMni and hi* disciples. Siuce 



that time new quarries have been opened in succession. The various 

 Uvam* turn a number of mill* for sawing tho marble. Tho prin.-ijj.il 

 quanios employ 1200 workmen. The blocks are carried down in 

 oarta, drawn by oxun, to the beach of Avrnza, where the storehouse*, 

 are, and whence the marble i* shipped on board the vessel) that 

 anchor in the roads. 



The name of Carrara is supposed to come from ' Carrsrim,' the 

 medinval Latin for ' quarries.' The town, which contains above 0000 

 inhabiunta, is situated at a distance of 60 miles S.W. from Mod. na, 

 and near the mouth of the Avenza. It ha* a fine collegiate ch'in h, 

 begun in the 18th < ntury and finished in the 15th ; also the church 

 of La Madonna delle Grazie, rich in marbles, and that of S. Giacomo, 

 annexed to the hospital, which has some good paintings. The princi- 

 pal square is called Alberion, from the naino of the first prince of the 

 house of Cibo. A colossal statue of the Duchess Beatrice d'Eate 

 adorns the square. In the town are shops for the solo of common 

 object* and ornaments of marble, which are worked by native 

 artist*. There is also an academy of drawing and sculp:ure, founded 

 by a former duchess of Massa and Modena : it has a president and 

 several professors, and a good collection of models. Many foreign 

 artists repair to Carrara for tho sake of purchasin ; the blocks which 

 they require for their works, and which are rough-hewn . 

 The Court of Appeal is at MASSA, where the governor of the province 

 of Massa-Carrara also resides. Avcma, the second town of th prin- 

 cipality of Carrara, has 1900 inhabitants : it lies in a plain, about one 

 mile from the sea, the lower hills around being all planted with vine 

 and olive-trees. The high rood from Genoa and Surzana to Lucca and 

 Pisa passes through Avenza. The principal agricultural produce is 

 oil and wine ; the corn rained on the territory is not suliu- 

 half of the consumption : tho northern mountain i i with 



chestnut and beech-trees, and pastures. Pellegrino Roxsi, a 

 guished French jurist, a peer of France, prime minisu-r of the Pope 

 iu 1848, was a native of Carrara. He was assassinated aa he waa going 

 to open the session of the Chamber of Deputies in Koine, Nov. 16, 

 1846, at the outbreak of the Roman revolution. 



CARUICK. [AYUSHIKE.] 



( AHR1CK-ON-SHANNON, county of Lcitrim, Ireland, in the 

 parish of Kiltoyhurt and barony of Lcitrim, with a small suburb iu 

 the parish of Killuken, barony of Boyle and county of Roscom. 

 market, post, and assize-town, and the seat of a Poor-Law Union, lies 

 in 58 57' N. lat, 8 6' W. long., 98 miles N.W. f,,,m Dublin. The 

 population iu 1851 was 1306, of which number 134 wen- in Koscom- 

 mou county. Carrick-on-Suannou Poor-Law Union comprises 25 

 electoral divisions, with an area of 100,786 acres, and a population in 

 1851 of 34,821. The town is situated on the left tiank of tin- 

 uon, where that river is crossed by the leading road from Dublin to 

 Sligo. The approach to the bridge is by a narrow lane diverging from 

 the main street, which terminates iu an open space on the river b.mk. 

 Here are arranged the county jail, county court-house, and market- 

 house, adjoining a small floating dock above tho bridge. The 

 and Roman Cotholic chapel are on the north side of the town ; the 

 barracks on the south. Here is also a small Methodist meeting-house. 

 Carrick-ou-Shiuinou, formerly called Camckdruuirusk, returned two 

 members to the Irish Parliament, but was disfranchised at the time 

 of the Union. The assizes for the county of Lcitrim and quarter- 

 sessions in rotation ore held here. Carrick-on-Shaunnn is the head- 

 quarters of the county constabulary force. The town is in the Dublin 

 military district. 



(Fraser, handbook for Ireland ; Ordnance Survey Map.) 



CAIiliHK n.N-SUlR, county of Tipp.-rary, Ireland, a market and 

 post-town, and the Beat of a Poor-Law Union, chiefly in t 

 Carrick-on-Suir and barony of Iffa and Ofla East, lies in 52 21' Ci 

 7 26' W. long., distant 99 miles S.8.W. from Dublin. The popula- 

 tion in 1851 was 6223, besides 1289 in the workhouse and other pub- 

 lic institutions. Carrick-on-Suir Poor-Law Union a J elec- 

 toral divisions, with an area of 112,629 acres, and a pomihr. . 

 1851 of 37,469. 



The principal part of tho town stands on the left or Tipperary bank 

 of the buir, and consists of one long street parallel t r, willi 



two street* leading to the fair green on the north, and auot i r form- 

 ing tho approach to the bridge on the south. It was a place 

 siderable note noon afW the Conquest Here are the remains of a 

 tiuu cantle built by Sir Edmund Butler in 13u9 on i - n old 



priory of tho knights of ,St John of Jerusalem. The Mine Sir Ednr.md, 

 who was created Earl of Carrick iu 1315, built the bridge \\\, 

 still standing. Carrick-on-Suir was formerly celebrated for its flourish- 

 ing manufacture of woollens. Tho place is now chiefly remarkable 

 for the fine i-ccneiy of its environs, which a late intelligent traveller 

 considers superior to the vale of Clwyd ; i his also been unfavourably 

 distinguished by the wretchedness of it* pauper !', I i n. The Suir 

 has recently been rendered navigable to tho town i'or v.'.-M-ls of con- 

 siderable burden. The public building* are the parish church, a large 

 and handsome Roman Catholic chapel, a monastery of the Christian 

 Brotherhood, a convent for nuns ol the Presentation order, a bride- 

 well, sessions-bouse, barracks, and fever hospital. Quarter sessions 

 for the county of Tipperary are held here in rotation. 



(Fraser, handbook for Jrtland ; Ordnance Surrty Map; Thorn, 

 /riA Almanac.) 



